Neural Communication

Question 1

electrical from dendrite to

Answer 1

terminal

Question 2

chemical from terminal to

Answer 2

dendrite

Question 3

when the cell is at rest

Answer 3

slight negative charge
resting potential
membrane potential

Question 4

at rest- intracellular fluid

Answer 4

around -70mV
K+ & organic anions

Question 5

at rest- positive charge

Answer 5

Na+ & Cl-

Question 6

sodium potassium pump

Answer 6

regulate the exchange of sodium (into the cell) and potassium (gets pushed out)

Question 7

ions

Answer 7

molecules with a charge
want to be evenly distributed

Question 8

cell membrane keeps

Answer 8

Na+ & Cl- out of the cell
A- & K+ inside the cell

Question 9

sodium potassium pump allows

Answer 9

Na+ & K+ to travel into & out of the cell

Question 10

when the neuron is stimulated

Answer 10

ion channels open
Na+ rushes into the cell because of electrostatic pressure
depolarization

Question 11

depolarization

Answer 11

sodium ion channels open
Na+ rushes into the cell
charge becomes less negative
later K+ channels also open- - K+ leaves the cell

Question 12

action potential

Answer 12

the cell fires- sending a signal down the axon
starts at the hillock

Question 13

repolarization

Answer 13

Na+ pushed OUT of cell
K+ continues to leave
charge becomes more negative

Question 14

hyperpolarization (refractory)

Answer 14

K+ are retrieved from extracellular fluid
cell returns to resting state

Question 15

cerebral neurons work differently

Answer 15

many fire continuously- even without input

Question 16

action potentials of different cells vary in:

Answer 16

amplitude
duration
frequency

Question 17

many neurons have no

Answer 17

axons (or action potentials)

Question 18

dendrites of some cerebral neurons

Answer 18

conduct action potentials

Question 19

language between neurons

Answer 19

chemical
neurotransmitters

Question 20

binding site

Answer 20

a neurotransmitter will fit into a postsynaptic receptor like a key into a lock

Question 21

ligand

Answer 21

a chemical that fits a binding site of a receptor

Question 22

agonists

Answer 22

enhances the effects of NT on the postsynaptic cell

Question 23

antagonists

Answer 23

inhibits NT effects on the postsynaptic cell

Question 24

postsynaptic potentials

Answer 24

can be either depolarizing (excitatory) or hyperpolarizing (inhibitory)
this is not determined by the NT- but by the receptor site (the kind of ion channel they open)
both are caused by the release of NT from a nearby terminal button

Question 25

sodium-potassium channel

Answer 25

ion specific (just one kind) Na+ channels & K+ channels Electrostatic pressure and diffusion

Question 26

sodium-potassium pump

Answer 26

transport different kinds of ions in opposite directions across cell membranes have a 3:2 ratio of Na+ & K+ active transport proteins (ATP)

Question 27

excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)

Answer 27

an excitatory depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

Question 28

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)

Answer 28

an inhibitory hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

Question 29

termination of postsynaptic potentials

Answer 29

reuptake enzymatic deactivation

Question 30

reuptake

Answer 30

the NT is reabsorbed by the terminal button moved by transporter molecules

Question 31

enzymatic deactivation

Answer 31

an enzyme destroys the molecules of the NT

Question 32

ionotropic receptors

Answer 32

receptors are couple to ion channels when the ion binds to the receptor, it causes the channel to open

Question 33

sometimes...

Answer 33

receptor opens a channel that causes (+) charged particles to enter more likely to have an action potential (excitatory)

Question 34

other times...

Answer 34

receptors open ion channels that make (-) charged ions to enter the cell more difficult to produce an action potential (inhibitory)

Question 35

metabotropic

Answer 35

slow receptors (delayed by milliseconds) can be long lasting they are not tied to an ion channel the activation/release of G proteins

Question 36

effects of G proteins

Answer 36

can act like an ionotropic receptor can initiate synthesis of AMP (adenosine monophosphate) second messengers

Question 37

neurochemical mechanisms of drug action

Answer 37

drug effects can operate on the nervous system in a variety of ways

Question 38

neurotransmitter synthesis

Answer 38

increase or decrease the synthesis of neurotransmitters

Question 39

neurotransmitter transport

Answer 39

interfere with the transport of neurotransmitter molecules to the axon terminals

Question 40

neurotransmitter storage

Answer 40

interfere with the storage of neurotransmitters in the vesicles of the axon terminal

Question 41

neurotransmitter release

Answer 41

cause the axon terminals to release neurotransmitter molecules into the synapse prematurely

Question 42

neurotransmitter degradation

Answer 42

influence the breakdown of neurotransmitters by enzymes

Question 43

neurotransmitter reuptake

Answer 43

block the reuptake of neurotransmitters into the axon terminals

Question 44

receptor activation

Answer 44

activate a receptor site by mimicking a neurotransmitter

Question 45

receptor blocking

Answer 45

cause a receptor to become inactive by blocking it

Question 46

acetylcholine (ACh)

Answer 46

highly involved in sensory systems and motor movement generally excitatory

Question 47

acetylcholine receptors

Answer 47

binds to more than one type of receptor nicotine (agonist)- only binds to particular receptors

Question 48

many NTs bind to ____ than one receptor type

Answer 48

MORE

Question 49

monoamines

Answer 49

norepinephrine dopamine serotonin

Question 50

norepinephrine

Answer 50

regulates hunger, alertness & arousal

Question 51

dopamine

Answer 51

L-dopa (able to pass through blood-brain barrier) coordinated motor movements anticipation of pleasurable experiences

Question 52

serotonin

Answer 52

found throughout the brain (and gut) implicated in sleep & mood

Question 53

90% of serotonin receptors are in the

Answer 53

gut

Question 54

amino acid NTs

Answer 54

GABA glutamate

Question 55

GABA

Answer 55

one of the most abundant in the brain the most significant inhibitory NT (generally) causes the cells to hyperpolarize when a GABAergic receptor site is active- it takes more excitatory NT to get the cell to depolarize (fire) barbiturates and tranquilizers act on GABA

Question 56

glutamate

Answer 56

major excitatory NT learning & memory drugs like ketamine & PCP act on glutamate receptors