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Drugs and Behavior > Introduction to Drugs and Behavior > Flashcards

Introduction to Drugs and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

drug use

A

many animals (humans and others) ingest substances that change the way the mind and body work

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2
Q

psychopharmacology

A

the study of how drugs affect mood, perception, thinking or behavior

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3
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

drugs that affect mood perception, thinking, and/or behavior by acting on the nervous system ex. cocaine

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4
Q

Who cares?

A

many people in this room
recreational drug use (misuse)
drug use to treat psychological disorders/difficulties

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5
Q

recreational drug use (misuse)

A

impacts on behavior and function
in many cases, person is by definition a criminal

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6
Q

drug use to treat psychological disorders/difficulties

A

How do psychological drugs work?
How do they change/alter the subjective experience of the person using?

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7
Q

statistics

A

lots of people use drugs

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8
Q

Who is a psychopharmacologist? (PsychoPharm)

A

medical practitioners
researchers
behavioral pharmacology

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9
Q

medical practitioners

A

psychiatrists- prescribe drugs as part of treatment of psychological disorders

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10
Q

researchers

A

study the effects of psychoactive drugs

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11
Q

behavioral pharmacology

A

Subfield of Applied Behavioral Analysis
Drugs= stimulus from the environment

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12
Q

What is a drug?

A

A substance, other than food, that when ingested/administered, alters the way the mind/body works

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13
Q

administered drug

A

not produced naturally by the body

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14
Q

dopamine

A

neurotransmitter produced by the body- not a drug
substance given by a psychiatrist to treat auditory hallucinations- is a drug

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15
Q

psychoactive drugs instrumental use

A

using a drug for a specific purpose
usually occurs with psychotropic drugs
drugs used for treating mental disorders
can also be non-medical
drinking coffee to “wake-up”

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16
Q

psychoactive drugs recreational use

A

using a drug to experience its effects (for “fun”)
drinking alcohol to get a “buzz”
drug misuse- drugs that are meant to be used instrumentally- that are used recreationally.

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17
Q

What’s in a name?

A

Nearly all therapeutic drugs have a generic name and (at least one) brand name
brand name: trademarked name
generic name: non-propriatary name that indicates
- classification for a drug
- distinguishes it from other drugs in a class
ex. tylenol (brand name) vs. acetaminophen (generic name)

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18
Q

generic names

A

tell you about the class of a drug
ex. chlorpromazine vs. clozapine vs. olanzapine
all 3 drugs end in “a” followed by a consonant and the suffix “ine”
drugs with “apine” or “azine” in their names= antipsychotics
this also tells us something about the chemical structure of the drug
INE suffix= amine chemical in their structure
this isn’t always true- but ideally the generic name tells us a bit about the drug

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19
Q

chemical name

A

details the drug’s chemical structure

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20
Q

“street names”

A

usually for recreational drugs..
benign sounding words-
keeps others from understanding what is going on
ex. MDMA= Adam
sometimes the effect of the drugs
ex. MDMA= ecstasy

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21
Q

doses

A

dose= amount of drug/body weight
in experimental settings- we may give an animal 1.0 g/kg
- avg lab rat weights 500 gs
- dose= 0.5 g
for OTC drugs (over the counter)
- drugs assume an avg adult’s body weight
- take 1-2 tabs every 4-6 hours
- this has created a lot of controversy in medical research

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22
Q

dose-effect curves

A

shows the effects of drug affected by dose
different drugs produce different responses

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23
Q

lower doses

A

weaker responses

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24
Q

higher doses

A

stronger responses

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25
what is EC50?
the value at which "50 percent" of an effect was observed can be other values measure of potency of the drug
26
potency
amount of drug used to produce a certain level of effect the drug is considered "higher potency" when it takes a smaller amount to reach EC50
27
toxic dose
the dose that causes unacceptable adverse effects
28
TD
the point at which 50% of subjects experienced toxic effects of a drug
29
therapeutic index
ratio of drug's toxic dose-effect curve relative to the therapeutic dose-effect curve value any drug is going to have adverse effects how do we determine if the therapeutic effects of a drug outweigh the toxic effects?
30
therapeutic index graph
distance between toxic and therapeutic doses ratio of TD:ED divide TD by ED how different is a dose that causes toxic effects in 1/2 Ss from a dose that produces therapeutic effects in 1/2 Ss
31
Ss
subject or participant
32
certain safety index
calculated by dividing a TD1 (1 percent) by the dose that achieved ED99 this is a more conservative estimate the FDA requires safe therapeutic indexes for approved drugs not every drug has a large therapeutic index
33
lithium (bipolar disorder)
the lethal dose is very close to the therapeutic dose often people using these drugs are closely monitored for toxic effects
34
when 2+2=5
when you take more than one drug- they may influence each other
35
additive effects
the magnitude of the combined drug effect (Drug A+ Drug B) is the sum of each drug's effect alone Drug A increases systolic blood pressure (BP) 5% and Drug B increases BP by 10% A+B increases BP by 15%
36
synergistic drug effects
the magnitude of the combined drug effect is greater than Drug A+B E.g. Advil (ibuprofen) + Tylenol (acetaminophen) = more pain relief 2+2=5
37
pharmacodynamics
the physiological & biochemical reactions of drugs cannabis makes you feel euphoric and makes eyes red mind and body
38
pharmacokinetics
how drugs pass through the body administration (how do you take it?) duration of effect how does it enter the brain?
39
why is heroin more addictive than morphine?
gets through the blood brain barrier- the semi-permeable barrier at the molecular level- brain does not know that heroin is potentially dangerous
40
pharmacogenetics
the study of how genetic differences influence a drug's influence a drug's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects helps to provide the basis of differences in drug responsiveness may affect how that drug affects the nervous system, is processed by the body
41
pharmacogenetics and pharmacodynamics
some genes make people more susceptible to using a drug
42
pharmacogenetics and pharmacodynamics example
30% of population has cannabis use disorder Gene on chromosome 8 (controls levels of gene CHRNA2) Low levels of this gene expression in the cerebellum = associated with cannabis use disorder & diagnosis at an earlier age. (NIDA. (2019, January 14)) BUT- genes don’t “make” you addicted.
43
pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics
fast metabolizer vs. slow metabolizer based on genetic make-up (not tolerance/learning)
44
fast metabolizer
people whose bodies break down drugs faster than "normal" results: less drug in the system and weaker drug effects can be measured through blood samples
45
slow metabolizer
bodies break down compounds much more slowly can lead to toxic effects
46
objective effects
The effects that can be observed by others (and replicated) E.g. heart rate increase when you take cocaine
47
subjective effects
how a person feels while using a specific drug often more useful than objective effects measured by individual surveys based personal feelings
48
need to know subjective experience if:
use the drug for therapy does it make an anxious person less anxious? might be used recreationally does this drug feel good? measures of the body would be objective, therapeutic effects would be subjective
49
observational studies
measures behavior as it naturally occurs
50
correlational studies
do changes to one variable predict changes to another variable collect 2 data points for each Ss do some math and get a number
51
number will tell you 2 things
strength of the relationship (1.0-strong->0.01 weak) direction of the relationship (+/-) Ex. relationship between # of times you have a Ss used MDMA and the number of items remembered from a word list -1.0 strong negative relationship 0 weak +1.0 strong positive relationship
52
experimental studies
independent variable (IV)- at least 2 versions (factors) experimental manipulation & control dependent variable (DV)- what you are measuring or counting How do changes to the IV lead to changes in DV
53
How do to you manage people's expectations?
when people are given a pill, they know they receive a pill sometimes- thinking something is real can lead to you behaving like it's real - think about a bump in the night, fake needles
54
you want your control group & experimental group to be as similar as possible, SO
equate expectations between groups placebo= fake treatment If you are treating Disorder X with a new drug... Group A gets the drug, Group B gets placebo If Group A gets better and B does not - results are likely due to the drug.
55
single blind procedure
Ss don't know which condition they are in (treatment or placebo) Prevents biased responses Told about possible consequences of using the experimental drug and that they may receive a placebo
56
double blind procedure
neither they Ss OR the experimenter (explicitly) know which condition participants are in ensures all groups are treated equally
57
open label
not a blind procedure it can be unethical to withhold a specific drug/treatment and give placebo instead E.g. cancer, severe mental illness, etc.
58
internal validity
adequacy of controlling variables that may influence a dependent variable participants unknowing what the study is about- if they learned it was a placebo it would be a threat
59
external validity
ability to extend findings beyond study conditions represent large populations- only studying a small group that should be applied to the whole population
60
face validity
test appears to measure what a researcher considers it to measure measuring heart rate to predict cardiovascular health
61
construct validity
how well a study's findings relate to the underlying theory of a study's objectives results matching theory hippocampus involved in memory study- getting rid of hippocampus to see an affect on memory theory must be involved relating question of variables to what you're actually testing serotonin based on instagram usage- wouldn't use snapchat- variables involved
62
predictive validity
ability of model to predict treatment effects ability to predict how you will react to a drug/situation in study if you know a subject well can you predict how they will react
63
stage 1: what to treat?
this is an economic decision How much research is available? How many people are affected by this disease/problem? Will this treatment "pay-off"/make a profit
64
stage 2
chemists develop experimental compounds
65
stage 3
test compounds developed in stage 2 with biological models e.g. how well does this bond to tissue? prefer to use "high throughput screening methods"
66
high throughput screening methods****
rapid testing using a large number of experimental drugs provide quick results and determine if experimental drug=desired effects chemists then refine and test again- hopefully getting closer to desired effects
67
stage 4
shift to highly focused screening methods much slower- but offer greater precision about effects use models that have face, construct, or predictive validity- often include animal models
68
stage 5 - safety pharmacology
identify drugs' toxic effects- can include physiological and psychological is TD significantly higher than Therapeutic dose?
69
phase 1 of clinical trials
looking for adverse effects low dose to healthy population
70
phase 2 of clinical trials
find preferred population (higher dose and short period) early short term effects of drug
71
phase 3 of clinical trials
longer term trials (varying dose, given long term)
72
phase 4 of clinical trials
FDA approved drug now on market (dose based on phase 3) participants with disorder to be treated

Drugs and Behavior (9 decks)

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