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pmls 2 by puso > handling and processing of non-blood specimens for lab testing > Flashcards

handling and processing of non-blood specimens for lab testing Flashcards

1
Q

liquid or semiliquid substances produced by the body

found within various organs and body spaces

A

non-blood specimens

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2
Q

the 4 roles of the phlebotomist

A
  1. specimen collection
  2. gives instructions
  3. labeling or transporting the specimens to the lab
  4. processing
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3
Q

what is the most frequently analyzed non-blood body fluid?

A

urine

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4
Q

The analysis of _______ can aid in:

  1. monitoring wellness
  2. diagnosis and treatment of UTI
  3. detection and monitoring the progress of treatment in metabolic disease
  4. determining effectiveness or complications of therapy
A

urine

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5
Q

The most commonly requested urine test

A

Routine Urinalysis (UA)

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6
Q

What does routine urinalysis include?

A

physical, chemical, microscopic analysis of the urine specimen

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7
Q

Should urine be transported with ice?

A

yes na yes for u

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8
Q

Normal color of urine

A

yellow

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9
Q

Normal clarity of urine

A

Clear

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10
Q

Abnormal clarity of urine

A

turbid

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11
Q

What do phlebotomists use to detect presence of microorganisms in the urine?

A

plastic reagent strip (dipstick)

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12
Q

How much volume is needed to centrifuge for microscopic analysis of urine?

A

10-15 mL

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13
Q

The recommended and ideal to ensure that there is no contamination caused by genital secretions, pubic hair, or bacteria surrounding the urinary opening.

A

midstream collection

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14
Q

Urine container must be

A

clear and dry, chemically clean, with tight-fitting lids

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15
Q

Should urine be protected from light?

A

yes na yes again

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16
Q

In urine culture and sensitivity, how long should it be incubated?

A

18 to 24 hours at 35 to 37 degrees celsius

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17
Q

It is to detect cancer, cytomegalovirus, and other
viral and inflammatory diseases of the UT

A

Urine Cytology Studies

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18
Q

Smear containing cells from the UT is stained using the _____________

A

Papanicolaou (PAP) method

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19
Q

It is used to detect illegal use of recreational drugs

A

Urine Drug Testing

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20
Q

Does urine drug screening involves custody and control forms?

A

yeshhhh

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21
Q

Does diluted urine sample give a positive result?

A

naurr, it gives FALSE NEGATIVE result

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22
Q

Diseases related to glucose in urine

A
  1. diabetes mellitus
  2. renal diseases
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23
Q

Disease related to ketones in urine

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

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24
Q

In Urine Pregnancy Testing:

It is produced by cells within the developing placenta in serum and urine 8-10 days after conception

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

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25
Q

Preferred specimen for HCG

A

first morning specimen since urine is concentrated

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26
Q

In which patient does HCG hormone also appears?

A

patients with certain types of cancer and people with trophoblastic diseases

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27
Q

Types of Urine Specimens:

It is collected at any time

A

Random Urine Specimen

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28
Q

Types of Urine Specimens:

It has the most concentrated sample since it is collected in the morning after 8 hours of sleep

  • first voided specimen / overnight specimen
A

First Morning / 8-Hour Specimen

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29
Q

Types of Urine Specimens:

  • second specimen voided after fasting
  • for glucose monitoring
A

Fasting / Fasting Second Morning

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30
Q

Types of Urine Specimens:

  • collected at specific times (ex. 2 hours after meal)
  • collected and pooled throughout a specific time period
A

Timed

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31
Q

Types of Urine Specimens: Timed

specimens for traditional standard Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)

  • collected serially at specific times that correspond with the timing of blood collection
A

Tolerance Test Specimen

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32
Q

Types of Urine Specimens: Timed

2 hours after a meal and tested for glucose
- to monitor insulin therapy
- void shortly before consuming a normal meal then collect a specimen 2 hours later

A

2 Hour Post Prandial

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33
Q

Types of Urine Specimens: Timed

For quantitative analysis
- collect and pool urine voided in 24 hours

A

24-Hour Specimen

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34
Q

Types of Urine Specimens: Timed

  • requires emptying the bladder and then waiting a specified amount of time before collecting the specimen
A

Double-Voided Specimen

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35
Q

Urine Collection Methods

the patient voids or urinates into a clean container

A

Regular Voided

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36
Q

Urine Collection Methods

  • patient voids the INITIAL URINE FLOW
  • mid flow urine is COLLECTED in a specimen container
  • LAST OF THE URINE FLOW is VOIDED into the toilet
A

Midstream

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37
Q

Urine Collection Methods

  • sterile container is used for microbial analysis or C&S testing
  • special cleaning of the genital area is required
A

Midstream Clean-Catch Specimen

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38
Q

Urine Collection Methods

collected from a sterile catheter inserted through the urethra into the bladder

A

Catheterization

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39
Q

Urine Collection Methods

  • aspirate the urine directly from the bladder using a needle
  • for microbial analysis or cytology studies
A

Suprapubic Collection

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40
Q

Urine Collection Methods

  • plastic urine collection bag with hypoallergenic
    skin adhesive
  • patient’s genital area is cleaned and dried before the bag is taped to the skin
A

Pediatric Urine Collection

41
Q

Clear, colorless to pale-yellow fluid in the amniotic sac that surrounds and cushions a fetus in the uterus

A

Amniotic Fluid

42
Q

What is used to collect amniotic fluid after 15 weeks of gestation?

A

transabdominal amniocentesis

43
Q

Amniotic Fluid - Fetal Lung Maturity

this acts as surfactants to keep the alveoli of the lungs inflated

A

Phospholipids

44
Q

Amniotic Fluid Specimen Handling and Storage

What test that is needed to protect from light?

A

Bilirubin

45
Q

Amniotic Fluid Specimen Handling and Storage

chromosome analysis specimen must be kept at…

A

room temperature

46
Q

Amniotic Fluid Specimen Handling and Storage

FLM / chemistry tests specimen must be kept…

A

on ice / refrigerated

47
Q

Maximum time of amniotic fluid delivery

A

1 hour - ASAP

48
Q

A clear, colorless fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord

  • collection: lumbar puncture
A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

49
Q

Collection of Spinal Tap in adults

A

between 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae

50
Q

Collection of Spinal Tap in young / neonates

A

between 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae

51
Q

CSF three special sterile tubes

What test is tube 1 for?

A

chemistry, serology

52
Q

CSF three special sterile tubes

What test is tube 2 for?

A

microbiology

53
Q

CSF three special sterile tubes

What test is tube 3 for?

A

hematology

54
Q

CSF three special sterile tubes

How to preserve tube 1?

A

freeze

55
Q

CSF three special sterile tubes

How to preserve tube 2?

A

at room temp

56
Q

CSF three special sterile tubes

How to preserve tube 3?

A

refrigerate

57
Q

CSF three special sterile tubes

Tube 4 is for?

A

Microbiologic tests
Cytologic studies
Additional tests

58
Q

examines stomach contents for abnormal substances

evaluates stomach acid production

A

Gastric Analysis

59
Q

Gastric Analysis: Basal Sample

aspirating gastric fluid by means of a tube
passed through the mouth and throat (oropharynx) or nose and throat (nasopharynx) into the stomach after a period of _____________

A

fasting

60
Q

Steps of Nasopharyngeal Swab

A
  1. Insert swab gently into the nose and passed into the nasopharynx until resistance is encountered
  2. Rotate gently, then carefully remove
  3. Place in a sterile tube containing transport medium.
  4. Label, and deliver to the laboratory.
61
Q

What to use for nasopharyngeal swab?

A

synthetic fiber swabs with thin plastic or wire shafts

62
Q

What specimen does CDC recommends collecting in nasopharyngeal swab?

A

NP specimen

63
Q
  • for diagnosis of streptococcal infections
  • collected using a special kit containing a sterile polyester-tipped swab in a covered transport tube
A

Oropharyngeal Swab (Throat swab)

64
Q

fluid secreted by the glands inside the mouth

A

saliva

65
Q

Saliva for hormone tests are…

A

typically frozen to ensure stability and sent to a
laboratory for testing

66
Q

sperm-containing thick, yellowish-white fluid
- discharged during male ejaculation

A

Semen (seminal fluid)

67
Q

Should semen be kept warm / body temp and protected from light?

A

YAAAAAAAAAAAAAS

68
Q

basic examinations of semen

A
  • Sperm concentration
  • Motility
  • Morphology Percentage
69
Q

pale-yellow, watery, serum-like fluid

  • found between the double-layered membranes enclosing the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities
A

Serous Fluid

70
Q

Serous Fluid

Pleural fluid:

A

pleural cavity (lungs)

71
Q

Serous Fluid

Peritoneal Fluid:

A

abdominal cavity

72
Q

Serous Fluid

Pericardial Fluid:

A

pericardial cavity (heart)

73
Q

Serous Fluid

EDTA tubes:

A

for cell counts and smears

74
Q

Serous Fluid

Heparin / sodium fluoride tubes:

A

for chemistry tests

75
Q

Serous Fluid

Non-anticoagulant tubes:

A

for biochemical tests

76
Q

Serous Fluid

in sterile heparinized:

A

for culture

77
Q

mucus and phlegm

  • ejected from the trachea, bronchi, and lungs through deep coughing
A

Sputum

78
Q

is sputum First Morning Specimen?

A

OMCM

79
Q

minimum amount of sputum required

A

3 to 5 mL

80
Q

is sputum transported at body temperature?

A

nOOOOOO at room temp

81
Q
  • Collection: pilocarpine into the skin by iontophoresis
  • analyzed for chloride
A

Sweat Chloride Test

82
Q

exocrine gland disorder

A

cystic fibrosis

83
Q

is sweat also used to detect illegal drug use?

A

yuhhhhh

84
Q

clear, pale-yellow, viscous fluid
- joint fluid
- lubricates and decreases friction in movable joints
- normally occurs in small amounts
- increases when inflammation is present

A

Synovial Fluid

85
Q

Synovial Fluid 3 Tubes

A

EDTA or heparin tube:
* cell counts, crystals

Sterile tube:
* culture and sensitivity

Non-additive tube:
* macroscopic appearance, chemistry, immunology tests and to observe clot formation

86
Q

less invasive, painless alternative to blood
collection for obtaining cells for DNA analysis

A

Buccal (Cheek) Swab

87
Q

site of blood cell production

A

Bone Marrow anteh anaphy 101

88
Q

examined to detect and identify blood diseases

A

bone marrow aspirate

89
Q

In Bone Marrow Aspirate:

physician inserts a special large-gauge needle into the bone marrow in the ______ (hip bone) or ___________ (breastbone)

A

iliac crest, sternum

90
Q

rapid, noninvasive to detect Helicobacter pylori

A

Urea Breath Test

91
Q

damages lining of the stomach; causes chronic gastritis

A

H. pylori

92
Q
  • problems with digestion of lactose & fructose
  • most accurate lactose tolerance test
  • used to detect bacterial overgrowth in small intestine
A

Hydrogen Gas Breath Test

93
Q

specimen is for evaluation of gastrointestinal disorders

A

Feces / Stool

94
Q

How much grams of stool is required?

A

5 g lang jusko di puno

95
Q
  • for trace and heavy metal analysis
  • detection of drugs of abuse
  • easy to obtain and cannot easily be altered or tampered
  • shows evidence of chronic drug use rather than recent use
A

hair

96
Q

these specimens are from biopsies

  • preserved using formalin / another suitable solutions
A

Tissue Specimens

97
Q

what tissues must not be put in formalin?

A

tissues for genetic analysis

98
Q

Serous Fluid

increase in fluid volume

A

effusion

pmls 2 by puso (6 decks)

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