Handouts

Question 1

re: prenatal hearing

the auditory system becomes functional around ___ weeks’ gestation; the human cochlea shows response to sound after the ___ week of gestation

Answer 1

25; 20

Question 2

re: prenatal hearing

Johansson et al. state “at the time of birth, the infant has been hearing fluid-borne sounds for at least ___ months

Answer 2

4

Question 3

re: prenatal hearing

the developmental response to sound in the fetus is primarily ___, including startle, generalized by body movement, possible cessation of activity, and the ___ reflex (involuntary eye blink)

Answer 3

reflexive; auropalpebral

Question 4

re: prenatal hearing

auropalpebral reflexes consistently occur at approximately ___ week’s gestational age in normal fetuses as a response to vibroacoustic stimuli in utero

Answer 4

24 - 25

Question 5

re: prenatal hearing

true or false: Armitage et al. hypothesize that the mother’s and father’s voice can be heard by a fetus

Answer 5

true

*note: because high frequencies sounds are absorbed before reaching the fetus, the parent’s voices are heard but are lacking in tone

Question 6

re: prenatal hearing

the innate discriminations that subserve the preference for ___ require the auditory competencies of discriminating rhythm, intonation, frequency variation, stress (suprasegmental aspects of speech), and phonetic components of speech (linguistic aspects)

Answer 6

the mother’s voice

Question 7

re: prenatal hearing

according to Hepper and Shadidullah, “by 27 week’s gestational age, 96% of fetuses responded to the 250 and 500 Hz [pure] tones but ___ responded to the 1000 and 3000 Hz [pure] tones; responsiveness to 1000 and 3000 Hz [pure] tones was observed in ___ fetuses at 33 and 35 weeks’ gestational age, respectively”

Answer 7

none; all

Question 8

re: prenatal hearing

what is indicated by the following: newborn infant’s preference for (1) native language over foreign language (2) mother’s voice over another female’s voice (3) familiar stories read by mother over unfamiliar stories read by mother

Answer 8

prosodic aspects of human speech (pitch, stress, and intonation) are transmitted to the fetus and are learnable

*note: this is a key concept from the reading

Question 9

re: neonatal hearing development

name of the easiest auditory reflex response to elect and observe; occurs when an unexpected noise reaches maximum intensity in a few milliseconds

Answer 9

Moro (startle) response

Question 10

re: normal infant-neonate maturation of the auditory localization response (Bench; Northern & Downs)

in what age does the following behavioral response occur: arousal from sleep

Answer 10

newborn

Question 11

re: normal infant-neonate maturation of the auditory localization response (Bench; Northern & Downs)

in what age does the following behavioral response occur: rudimentary head turn

Answer 11

3 - 4 months

Question 12

re: normal infant-neonate maturation of the auditory localization response (Bench; Northern & Downs)

in what age does the following behavioral response occur: localization to side only

Answer 12

4 - 7 months

Question 13

re: normal infant-neonate maturation of the auditory localization response (Bench; Northern & Downs)

in what age does the following behavioral response occur: localizes to side and indirectly below

Answer 13

7 - 9 months

Question 14

re: normal infant-neonate maturation of the auditory localization response (Bench; Northern & Downs)

in what age does the following behavioral response occur: localizes to side and below

Answer 14

9 - 13 months

Question 15

re: normal infant-neonate maturation of the auditory localization response (Bench; Northern & Downs)

in what age does the following behavioral response occur: localizes to side, below, and indirectly above

Answer 15

13 - 16 months

Question 16

re: normal infant-neonate maturation of the auditory localization response (Bench; Northern & Downs)

in what age does the following behavioral response occur: localizes directly all signals to side, below and above

Answer 16

16 - 21 months

Question 17

re: normal infant-neonate maturation of the auditory localization response (Bench; Northern & Downs)

in what age does the following behavioral response occur: locates directly a sound at any angle

Answer 17

21 - 24 months

Question 18

re: neonatal hearing development

true or false: the Moro response is specific and reliable but it is only a screening test and cannot be tied to any specific decibel hearing level (dB HL) threshold value

Answer 18

true

Question 19

re: neonatal hearing development

infants and babies who do not demonstrate an appropriate startle response to sudden, intense auditory signals should ___

Answer 19

be scheduled for additional audiologic evaluation

Question 20

re: neonatal hearing development

in what age do the following behavioral characteristics occur: auditory responses are largely reflexive; Moro response, or “surprise” eye blink to louder sounds

Answer 20

before 4 months

Question 21

re: neonatal hearing development

in what age do the following behavioral characteristics occur: infant identifies precise location of sound source with head turn; either on a lateral plane or to a lower level, but not yet towards a higher plane

Answer 21

7 - 9 months

Question 22

re: neonatal hearing development

in what age do the following behavioral characteristics occur: infant is able to localize sounds briskly and directly in any plane to the side, above, or below eye level; full maturation of auditory development has been attained

Answer 22

9 - 13 months

Question 23

re: neonatal hearing development

for infants 13 months and older, reinforced behavioral response techniques such as (1) ___ and (2) ___ are the required audiologic testing methods

Answer 23

visual response audiometry; conditioned orientation response audiometry

Question 24

re: auditory masking in infants

the masked threshold is a measure of the ___ of the auditory system

Answer 24

frequency selectivity

Question 25

re: auditory masking in infants frequency selectivity and the ___ influence the masked threshold

Answer 25

processing efficiency, defined as: the signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the auditory filter required to achieve a given detection performance

Question 26

re: auditory masking in infants what is explained by the following: "even though infants' auditory systems provide them with precise spectral information, they are less able than adults to selectively attend to the information representing the signal or probe"

Answer 26

excess masking in infants

Question 27

re: auditory masking in infants what is being tested in the study by Werner and Bargones?

Answer 27

the hypothesis that excess masking in infants can result from immature attention

Question 28

re: auditory masking in infants what was concluded in experiment 1 by Werner and Bargones?

Answer 28

for infants, the presence of a second sound - even one that would not be expected to produce peripheral interference - still had the effect of increasing the detection threshold (as predicted by the research question)

Question 29

re: auditory masking in infants what was concluded in experiment 2 by Werner and Bargones?

Answer 29

experiment 2 produced little evidence for a general effect of the masker on infant behavior

Question 30

re: auditory masking in infants what was the major finding in the study by Werner and Bargones?

Answer 30

"6-month-old infants require a higher signal level to detect a tone when a second sound is simultaneously presented, even when the the second sound does not mask the tone"

Question 31

re: auditory masking in infants what is suggested in the study by Werner and Bargones?

Answer 31

"6-month-old infants have difficulty in selecting one sound for processing when another sound is presented simultaneously, or, difficulty in allocating processing resources to optimize detection of one sound"

Question 32

re: auditory masking in infants true of false: the study by Werner and Bargones was premature to any conclusion about the development of the amount of masking

Answer 32

true; further research is needed to address the development of auditory attention

Question 33

re: auditory masking in infants name two barriers to the study by Werner and Bargones

Answer 33

middle ear status; between-subjects variability