Study Guide Flashcards by Joseph Cayanan

re: non-genetic hearing loss

the TORCH complex is a set of factors that may cause hearing loss; list the factors:

(T)oxoplasmosis
(O)ther bacterial infections; syphilis
(R)ubella, German measles
(C)ytomegalovirus, CMV
(H)erpes simplex virus

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re: non-genetic hearing loss

in TORCH, what is described by the following symptoms: asymptomatic adults or infants at birth; visual problems; later development of hearing loss or neurodevelopment delay

toxoplasmosis; caused by parasites in undercooked meat or cat feces; sometimes curable if present at birth

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re: non-genetic hearing loss

in TORCH, what is described by the following symptoms: may cause progressive sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction

syphilis (other bacterial infections); caused by a sexually transmitted bacterial disease transmitted in utero to fetus; treatable with antibiotics

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re: non-genetic hearing loss

in TORCH, what is described by the following symptoms: may affect hearing, vision, heart development, and psychomotor development

rubella aka congenital German measles (CRS); greatest damage in first trimester; defects may present later in life

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re: non-genetic hearing loss

in TORCH, what is described by the following symptoms: mostly asymptomatic; congenital neurosensory HL; 10-15% will present with progressive SNHL and / or developmental delay

cytomegalovirus; strain of herpes transmitted through contact with urine; transmitted to fetus in utero; no treatment

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re: non-genetic hearing loss

in TORCH, what is described by the following symptoms: neonates show rash, organ dysfunction, neurologic difficulties, and SNHL

herpes simplex virus (HSV); fatal in 50% of cases; after parent acquires genital herpes, it is transmitted in utero to fetus

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re: non-genetic hearing loss

which postnatal infection is described by the following symptoms: mild to profound bilateral SNHL which develops early in the illness; possible ossification of the cochlea

meningitis; bacteria from the meninges travel to the brain labyrinth; curable via influenza type b vaccine

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re: non-genetic hearing loss

which postnatal infection is described by the following symptoms: 60% infants jaundiced or with yellow skin color; in infants, immature liver cannot handle all bodily wastes resulting in peak bilirubin levels at 3-4 days old

hyperbilirubinemia; caused by excess bilirubin neurotoxin, a byproduct of the breakdown of red blood cells

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re: non-genetic hearing loss

which postnatal infection is described by the following symptoms: excessive jaundice, including yellow staining of brain nuclei, damage to cochlear nuclei in brainstem, hippocampus damage

hyperbilirubinemia; observable movement disorders, paralysis of up gaze and staining of teeth, cerebral palsy, cognitive defects, SNHL

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re: non-genetic hearing loss

which postnatal infection is described by the following symptoms: damage to spiral ganglia, auditory nerve, and brainstem nuclei; associated with auditory neuropathy

hyperbilirubinemia; blood transfusions necessary in extreme cases; treated using phototherapy

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re: non-genetic hearing loss

in what part of the ear do may the following anomalies occur: collapsed (narrow) ear canals; skin covered by vernix caseosa; exostoses or osteoma (bony growth); otitis externa

outer (external) ear

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re: non-genetic hearing loss

what is described by the following symptoms: inflammation of the middle ear; occurs with or without effusion

otitis media

*note: middle ear

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re: non-genetic hearing loss

what is described by the following symptoms: skin growing from external ear invading middle ear; growing cyst; smelly drainage, conductive HL

cholesteatoma; treated via surgery and regular monitoring

*note: middle ear

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re: non-genetic hearing loss

what is described by the following symptoms: if acute, mucosa inflammation; if chronic, affected bone structure

mastoiditis; treated with antibiotics, surgery in rare cases

*note: middle ear

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re: non-genetic hearing loss

what is described by the following symptoms: calcified TM scar tissue; hearing loss

tympanosclerosis; related to chronic otitis media

*note: middle ear

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re: non-genetic hearing loss

what is described by the following symptoms: rapidly progressive bilaterally symmetrical SNHL

autoimmune disease

*note: inner ear

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re: non-genetic hearing loss

what is described by the following symptoms: 8th nerve tumor; common in children with neurofibrosis type II

acoustic neuroma

*note: inner ear

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re: non-genetic hearing loss

what is described by the following symptoms: affecting hair cells; bilateral symmetrical high-frequency SNHL

ototoxicity; caused by antibiotics, diuretics, and / or chemotherapy drugs

*note: inner ear

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re: non-genetic hearing loss

what is described by the following symptoms: notches SNHL near 4000 Hz; variable susceptibility

noise-induced hearing loss

*note: inner ear

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re: congenital inner ear malformation

what is described by the following symptoms: complete absence of the inner ear and auditory nerve

michel aplasia

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re: congenital inner ear malformation

what is described by the following symptoms: incomplete development of the membranous and bony labyrinth

mordini aplasia

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re: postnatal stages of auditory development

describe stage I: maturation of neural encoding of fundamental characteristics of sound

less than 6 months; immature frequency discrimination, resolution, selectivity, specificity

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re: postnatal stages of auditory development

describe stage II: increased specificity and selectivity of sounds in a specified manner

finer tuning of sounds; detects finer structure in acoustic signal; recognizes variations in speech

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re: postnatal stages of auditory development

describe stage III: flexibility in sound processing - a more “adult” approach to sound

by 8-9 years, child’s separation of sounds are more adult-like; can separate stimuli from noise

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re: postnatal stages of auditory development describe consistencies in stages I, II, and III

maturation of neural mechanisms involved in sound coding; ability to pick up on acoustic differences (voicing), place of articulation, development of hearing strategies to help discriminate sounds: frequency, amplitude, temporal variations

true or false: the auditory system of the developing child is fairly complete but that its refinement continues throughout childhood and adolescence

true

re: neonatal reflexes moro reflex : startle response to auditory stimulus :: ___ reflex : turns toward source of touch with open, sucking mouth

rooting

re: neonatal reflex grasp reflex : tight grasp when palms touched :: tonic neck reflex :: ___

makes fists and turns head toward right side when placed on back

re: neonatal reflexes righting reflex : ___ :: stepping reflex : attempt to walk when feet touch flat surface

corrects orientation of body when taken out of normal, upright position

re: neonatal reflexes which reflex is described by the following: when the infant's sole of foot is stroked, their toes fan out and foot twists inward

Babinski

re: neonatal reflexes which of the following is FALSE: (a) reflexes are present in premature babies (b) reflexes are used in neurological evaluation (c) reflexes habituate with repeated stimulation (d) reflexes continue with development (e) reflexes not occurring may preface medical or developmental problems

d; reflexes extinguish with development

re: developmental milestones describe speech and hearing at the end of three months

smile at caregiver's voice; babbling; sound imitations; horizontal localization

re: developmental milestones describe social / emotional at the end of three months

social smile; upset when play stops; gestural communication; imitates facial expressions

re: developmental milestones describe gross motor at the end of seven months

rolls front to back and back to front; supports own weight; reaching with one hand; transfer objects at midline; raking grasp

re: developmental milestones describe social / emotional at the end of seven months

interest in mirrors; responds to emotional expressions; appears joyful

re: developmental milestones describe language at the end of seven months

responds to name; discriminates emotions based on tone; consonants present in babbling

re: developmental milestones describe gross motor at the end of twelve months

sits without assistance; crawls on hands and knees; furniture cruising

re: developmental milestones describe fine motor at the end of twelve months

pincer grasp (also in self-feeding); bangs objects together; removes objects from containers; pointing

re: developmental milestones describe language at the end of twelve months

responds to simple commands; responds to no; canonical babbling; cvcv forms; exclamations; imitates words

re: developmental milestones describe social / emotional at the end of twelve months

stranger anxiety; attachment behaviors; imitates play; preference for familiar people / toys

re: developmental milestones describe gross motor at the end of two years

walks independently; running; tiptoeing; kicks balls; climbs on and off furniture

re: developmental milestones describe fine motor at the end of two years

scribbles independently; pours out containers; builds 4+ tower; handedness

re: developmental milestones describe language at the end of two years

tacting; recognizes familiar nouns; several words in lexicon; 2-4 word utterances

re: developmental milestones describe social / emotional at the end of two years

imitates behaviors; sense of self; prefers company of other children; independence; defiant behaviors

list the types of infant responses to auditory stimuli used to evaluate hearing

arousal, orienting / head turn, eye widening / pupil dilation, crying / quieting, body movement, sucking

true or false: thresholds are better for infants and children in comparison to adults

false; thresholds are poorer re: auditory sensitivity

true or false: low frequency sensitivity better than high frequency sensitivity from birth to three months

true; the opposite is true from six months to adulthood

absolute threshold of hearing (ATH) is the minimum sound level of a ___ than an average ear with normal hearing can hear with no other sound present

pure tone; the absolute threshold relates only to the sound heard by the subject

high frequency hearing sensitivity : inner ear maturation :: ___ and ___ frequency hearing sensitivity : slower, outer and middle ear maturation

low and mid

changes in neural processes; changes in listening strategies; and outer, middle, and inner maturation are explanations for ___

maturation of auditory sensitivity

intensity discrimination does not appear adult-like until ___

six years of age; intensity discrimination is variable in children, presumably due to non-sensory factors

___ : frequency selectivity : discrimination between two sounds

frequency resolution

frequency selectivity and amplification of cochlear sounds is accomplished by ___

outer hair cells

in Eimas et al., infants showed same categorical perception as ___ in their perceptions of voice onset time

adults

re: behavioral test procedure for adults adults : down ___ up ___ :: children : down ___ up ___

10, 5; 20, 10

re: behavioral test procedure for adults in the modified hughson-westlake technique, the goal is to ___ the threshold using a criteria of ___% correct detection

bracket; 50%

re: infant behavioral assessment name of the assessment that describes levels at which localization responses occur from birth to two years of age

auditory behavior index (ABI); suggests that thresholds change over time; suggests that speech is the best way to test hearing

re: infant behavioral assessment name of the assessment that looks for reflexive or attentive behaviors when responding to sound in infants up to 12 months old; rarely used now

behavioral observation audiometry (BOA)

re: infant behavioral assessment pros of behavioral observation audiometry (BOA)

fast; little equipment required; screening method via detection or localization

re: infant behavioral assessment cons of behavioral observation audiometry (BOA)

not reliable; intra-subject variability due to habituation; inter-subject variability due to examiner differences; observer bias resulting in weakened inter-observer reliability; cannot be used to diagnose degree of hearing loss

re: visual reinforced audiometry (VRA) stimulus : warble tone, noise band, or speech :: operant : ___

unidirectional head turn

re: visual reinforced audiometry (VRA) conditioning phase : sound and visual reinforcer are paired :: testing phase : ___ presented alone

tone

re: visual reinforced audiometry (VRA) response phase : ___ :: reinforcement phase : animated toy turns on

head turn occurs

re: visual reinforced audiometry (VRA) true or false: reliable for ages 5-6 months

true; less reliability in ages younger than 5 months

re: visual reinforced audiometry (VRA) the goal of VRA is for the client to habituate

false; once the child is habituated, the test is over

re: toddler behavioral analysis VROCA : ___ reinforced operant conditioning audiometry :: TROCA : ___ reinforced operant conditioning audiometry

visually; tangibly *note: used for toddlers ages 18-36 months with object permanence

re: toddler behavioral analysis VROCA : pushes button when sound is heard for visual reinforcement :: TROCA : ___

reinforcement is a tangible item, for example, a treat

re: conditioned play audiometry (CPA) stimulus : tone :: operant : ___

play response *note: child must have fine motor skills to manipulate toys

re: conditioned play audiometry (CPA) to be truly conditioned, the child must ___

be under stimulus control

re: conditioned play audiometry (CPA) CPA is used for ages 2 years old to ___

5 years old

re: conditioned play audiometry (CPA) true or false: before attempting threshold measurement, the child must be able to respond at supra threshold level

true

re: stenger test stenger test : identifies true threshold of unilateral malingerers :: stinger effect : ___

sound is only perceived in ear where stimulus is louder when sounds are presented in both ears

what do you do if you suspect a child is malingering?

attempt to collect behavioral responses; test physiology (ABR, OAE, tympanometry, acoustic reflexes); psych referral; inform family

at the sensory primitive level, the perceptual response is ___; this is measured physiologically or behaviorally and is simple

detection

at the perceptual representation level; the perceptual responses are ___ and ___; this is the level of complex perception

discrimination and categorization

at the cognitive / linguistic level, phonemes are perceived as parts of words; this is the level of ___

meaning

why do we assess auditory performance? (3)

to diagnose speech perception problems; to evaluate for sensory aid function; to monitor progress of using sensory aids

these tests measure for which auditory sensory level: pure-tone audiogram; speech awareness threshold; GASP phoneme detection; Ling 5 sound test

sensory primitive level

these tests measure for which auditory sensory level: early speech perception; screening inventory of perception skills; three alternative forced choice test; change / no change test; speech reception threshold

perceptual representation

these tests measure for which auditory sensory level: early speech perception; minimal pairs; word intelligibility by picture identification; NU children's perception of speech; pediatric speech intelligibility test; speech pattern contrast test

cognitive / linguistic levels

these tests measure for which auditory sensory level: GASP word identification; auditory numbers test; monosyllabic trochee spondee test; lexical neighborhood test; multisyllabic lexical neighborhood test

cognitive / linguistic levels

re: limitations of current speech tests tests that assess sensory primitive level only evaluate for ___

speech detection

re: limitations of current speech tests tests that assess the cognitive / linguistic level are influenced by the child's ___ and ___

lexicon and language skills

re: limitations of current speech tests poor scores on word recognition tests may reflect poor speech perception, limited vocabulary, or ___

both

re: Holt and Lalonde's change / no change protocol the lack of reliable and valid speech perception testing procedures beyond detection tasks for ___ and for children presenting with lexical delay inspired Holt and Lalonde's research

toddlers

re: Holt and Lalonde's change / no change protocol the modified change / no change procedure could be used with toddlers down to age ___

2.5 years

re: Holt and Lalonde's change / no change protocol in this operant assessment, each trail contains ___ sound representations

four *note: contains easier contrasts and hard contrasts

re: Holt and Lalonde's change / no change protocol true or false: [it] can reliably assess speech-sound discrimination in children as young as 2.5 years of age

true

Study Guide Flashcards

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