Hate crime Flashcards
(51 cards)
What are the key readings?
What is Hate Crime?
‘Any criminal offence which is perceived, by the victim or any other person, to be motivated by a hostility or prejudice…’
What are the five Protected Characteristics monitored by the police as ‘strands’ of hate crime?
- Race
- Religion
- Disability
- Sexual Orientation
- Transgender status
Is there a single piece of legislation for hate crime in the UK?
No, there is no single piece of legislation.
What does the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 address regarding hate crimes?
Racially and religiously aggravated offences including assaults, criminal damage, harassment, stalking, and several public order offences (ss. 28–32)
When was the highest rate for hate crimes 2012-2023?
2021/2022
What is an offence that is NOT considered a hate crime?
An offence motivated by hatred towards a characteristic not centrally monitored (e.g., age or gender).
True or False: Terrorism is always considered a hate crime.
False
What are examples of racially or religiously aggravated offences?
- Racially or religiously aggravated assault with injury
- Racially or religiously aggravated harassment
- Racially or religiously aggravated public fear, alarm or distress
- Racially or religiously aggravated criminal damage
What was the estimated number of incidents of hate crime in the Crime Survey of England and Wales for 2020?
190,000 incidents
What percentage change in hate crime incidents was observed from 2021/22 to 2022/23 for Race?
-6%
What was the total number of offences recorded in 2022/23?
145,214
What is the highest number of hate crime (religion)?
Muslim
What is the definition of hate crime according to Mark Walters (2010)?
Hate crime is defined as any type of crime or anti-social act aimed at intimidating and harming the victim which has been motivated (or partly motivated) by a prejudice based on a generalisation about the victim’s actual or perceived membership of an identity group.
What did previous hate crime research focus on?
Amount of hidden hate crimes
Which groups should be considerd as hate crimes victims
Relationships between victims and offenders
The impact on victims and communities
What do studies indicate regarding the psychological impact of hate crime on victims?
Victims of bias-motivated violence are more likely to experience greater psychological distress, higher levels of post-traumatic stress, depression, and anxiety.
Fill in the blank: Hate crime is associated with significantly greater psychological ______ than non-hate victimization.
trauma
Who looked at hate crimes and what they associate with?
Fetzer & Pezzella 2019
What did Fetzer & Pezzella find?
Find hate crime was associated with significantly greater psychological trauma, but could not disentangle emotional impact from offence severity
What did ONS (2020) find?
Points to more emotional impacts of hate crime, but also fail to isolate this from offence severity
What did Iganski & Lagou (2009) find?
They confirm greater emotional impacts of hate crimes (covering race, religion, disability, and sexual orientation) but did not consider individual differences that may also be associated with emotional reactions to crime
How is the CSEW used?
Conducted annually using a representative sample of around 40,000 per year
Violent victimization is (reassuringly) comparatively rare (< 2%)
And from this group only a small minority (circa 1-5%) report a hate motivation limiting its scope for in-depth analysis of hate crime
Can also report on multiple incidents (both linked and unlinked) typically requiring focus on incidents or victims but not both.
We combine multiple (in our case 10) years of data and use multilevel models to include information on victims, incidents [and offenders] simultaneously
Comparing victims and offences
Addressing if hate crimes hurt more they match the victims of hate crimes to similar victims of non-hate crimes
Identification of similar offences
Look for similar perpetrator characteristics
Use of regression models
Emotional robustness?
Consistent evidence that those who experience religious motivated vandalism and violence are more ER
Due to religious support + netwprld
