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Terrorism Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the key readings?

A

Richards (2014)
Altier et al (2014)
Silke et al (2021)

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2
Q

What are the key points from Richards (2014)?

A

Richards highlights the challenges in creating a universally accepted definition of terrorism.
Argues that terrorism should be understood as a form of political violence
Highlights how terrorism is defined by the psychological impact rather than violence
Role of the media
States may use counterterrorism policies to blur the lines between defence and repression
Argues that overly broad definitions of terrorism can lead to human rights violations.
Critiques the “War on Terror” approach and discusses its consequences, such as radicalisation.
Highlights the influence of security studies, criminology, and political science in conceptualising terrorism.

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3
Q

What are the key points from Altier et al?

A

Major obstacle to understanding terrorist disengagement is that existing research remains devoid of conceptual clarity
the most obvious reason is the salience of terrorist recidivism following the emergence of terrorist ‘deradicalization’ programs
There are pull and push factors for disengagement from terrorism
Rusbult’s investment model explains terrorism
Bushway et al (2001)- * Characterizing disengagement as a complex process that may include changes at the level of personal identity mirrors recent work on criminal resistance
Cordes (1987)- former terrorists may use their accounts to pursue political goals, sensationalist events or justify behaviour to higher power

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4
Q

What are the push factors?

A

Unmet expectations
Disillusionment with strategy or actions
Disillusionment with personnel

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5
Q

Who looked at unmet expectations?

A

Horgan (2009)

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6
Q

What did Horgan (2009) find?

A

The ‘shattering’ of one’s romantic dream is a consistent theme observed across accounts of disengagement from various terrorist organisations.

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7
Q

What is disillusionment with strategy or actions?

A

Individuals may become frustrated with their group’s lack of success or reject its tactics.

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8
Q

What looked at disillusionment with strategy or actions?

A

Bjørgo (2011)
Alonso (2011)

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9
Q

What did Alonso (2011) find?

A

Disillusionment with the group’s overarching strategy or specific actions were key reasons for leaving.

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10
Q

What did Bjørgo (2011) find with strategy?

A

The failure of terrorist organizations to achieve what members hoped or expected generates disillusionment, which may cause disengagement

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11
Q

What is disillusionment with personnel?

A

They may grow disenchanted with the behavior of leaders and fellow members

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12
Q

Who looked at disillusionment with personnel?

A

Bjørgo (2011)

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13
Q

What did Bjørgo (2011) find with personnel?

A

Suggested certain members, whom he termed drifters or followers, are particularly susceptible

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14
Q

What are the pull factors?

A

Competing loyalties
Employment/educational demands
Financial incentives

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15
Q

What are competing loyalties?

A

Terrorists experience different degrees of loyalty to their organisation, whether the result of ideological, social, emotional, or some other bonds

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16
Q

Who looked at competing loyalties?

A

Demant & de Graaf (2010)
Garfinkel (2007)

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17
Q

What did Demant & de Graaf (2010) find with competing loyalties?

A

Changing loyalties to a new group or cause can lure people out of terrorism

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18
Q

What did Garfinkel (2007) find with competing loyalties?

A

Religion can lure individuals out of terrorism

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19
Q

What are employment/educational demands?

A

The demands of conventional work and/or school may be so hard to balance with sustained involvement in terrorism that they precipitate disengagement.

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20
Q

Who looked at employment/education?

A

Abuza (2009)

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21
Q

What did Abuza (2009) find with E&E?

A

Terrorist rehabilitation program participants in South Asia were more likely to disengage if they had employment opportunities.

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22
Q

What is Rusbult’s investment model?

A

A psychological theory that explains why people stay committed to relationships

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23
Q

What is the formula for Rusbult?

A

Commitment = Satisfaction - Alternatives + Investments

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24
Q

What is satisfaction?

A

Reflects how positively one evaluates the target entity, whether a job, relationship, or group

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25
Who defined commitment?
Rusbult & Farrell (1983)
26
What is commitment?
The probability one remains in a job, relationship, group, or organisation and feels psychologically bound to it
27
What happens to terrorists that derive high rewards?
High rewards (e.g. sense of achievement, social bonds) and low costs (e.g. little intragroup conflict, few perceived threats) from their role, which exceed their expectations for that role, are likely to be highly satisfied.
28
What occurs from high satisfaction in Rusbult?
Increases commitment to one’s group
29
What effect does low satisfaction have for terrorism?
May not result in exit given commitment
30
What effect does high emotional costs have in Rusbult?
High emotional costs associated with involvement may generate dissatisfaction and precipitate exit
31
What effect does positive emotions have?
May create rewards or affective bonds, which increase satisfaction and sustain involvement
32
Who supports Rusbult's theory?
Rusbult et al (2012) Le & Agnew (2003)
33
What did Rusbult et al say?
The model is well regarded by psychologists and enjoys a rich research tradition, with a number of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies supporting its core tenets
34
What did Le & Agnew (2003) do?
A meta-analysis of 52 studies, totaling 11,582 participants
35
What did Le & Agnew (2003) find?
Strong support for the investment model, with satisfaction, alternative quality, and comparison level explaining more than two-thirds of the variation in their measure of commitment, which was strongly associated with documented stay/leave behaviour
36
Who found a weakness of Rusbult?
Rusbult et al (1983) Altier et al (2014)
37
What did Rusbult 1953 find for weakness?
The model was tested initially in the context of interpersonal relationships including romantic relationships
38
What did Altier et al (2014) find for a weakness of Rusbult?
It only offers insight into one’s likelihood of exit at a given point, or window, in time. Using the model alone, it is difficult to discern the dynamic ways in which events over the life course interact to shape leave decisions
39
What are the key points from Silke et al (2021)
There are 3 different catalysts for disengagement and deradicalisation from terrorism Existing theories on D + D are built around pull and push models A limitation in the early models are the evidence base around which they were built was often extremely limited
40
Who spoke about empirical studies and D +D?
Victoroff (2005)
41
What did Victoroff (2005) say?
There appeared to be more theories proposed than there were empirical studies and that almost none of the theories and models had been tested in a systematic way
42
Who spoke about the dominant push factor for driving people away from terrorism?
Altier et al (2017)
43
What did Altier et al (2017) say?
Disillusionment is a dominant push factor
44
What is the definition of terrorism according to the Terrorism Act 2000?
Terrorism involves serious violence against a person, serious damage to property, endangers a person’s life, creates serious risk to public health or safety, or disrupts an electronic system. ## Footnote Terrorism is designed to influence the government or intimidate the public for advancing a political, religious, racial, or ideological cause.
45
List the top 10 common elements of terrorism.
* Use of Violence or Force * Political Motivation * Creates Fear or Terror * Threatening * Psychological Impact * Victims and Targets not the same * Planned and Organised * Tactic /method of Combat * Breaks Accepted rules * Coerces ## Footnote These elements help define and understand the nature of terrorist acts.
46
What is the highest media coverage for NY times 2016?
Terrorism at 35%
47
True or False: Terrorism is solely based on individual motivations.
False ## Footnote Terrorism is influenced by various factors, including societal, group, and individual levels.
48
Name drivers of conflict that can lead to terrorism.
Economic Deprivation Educational Under-performance Insufficient Political Representation Discriminatory policing ## Footnote These drivers can create environments conducive to the rise of terrorism.
49
What is the significance of the Global Terrorism Database (GTD)?
It tracks terrorism trends from 1990 to 2019, providing data for analysis and understanding patterns of terrorist activities. ## Footnote The GTD is a crucial resource for researchers and policymakers.
50
What are some common causes of terrorism?
* Population Size * Gender Inequality * Human Rights Abuses * Lack of Political Representation * Rapid Economic Growth * The Failure of Conventional Movements * Catalyst Events * Contagion ## Footnote These factors can contribute to the emergence and escalation of terrorist activities.
51
What are some societal-level factors that contribute to terrorism?
* State support/sponsorship of terrorism * Migration effects * Foreign military occupation * Climate change ## Footnote These factors can exacerbate tensions and contribute to the conditions under which terrorism can thrive.
52
What are group and community level factors that can lead to terrorism?
Group ideology Online and real world propaganda Coercion Group competition Group recruitment strategies and tactics
53
What are some individual-level factors that can lead to terrorism?
* Peer & family influences * Identity Dynamics * Psychological Vulnerabilities * Perception of grievances * Quest for significance ## Footnote Understanding these individual factors can help in addressing the root causes of terrorism.
54
What does 'conflict contagion' refer to in the context of terrorism?
It refers to the spread of conflict and violence from one area or group to another, often escalating terrorist activities. ## Footnote This phenomenon highlights the interconnectedness of various conflicts.
55
What is the primary strategy of terrorism?
* Provoke * Escalate * Blame * Endure ## Footnote These strategies are often used to achieve the objectives of terrorist groups.
56
What are two factors from stopping terrorism?
Disengagement and deracialisation
57
What did Moghaddam (2009) say about disengagement and deradicalisation?
Related work has also often focused on applying theories on radicalisation to the issue of disengagement and deradicalisation
58
Who spoke about catalysts?
Silke et al (2021)
59
What are the 3 catalysts?
Actor Psychological Environmental
60
What are actor catalysts?
Family and Friends, Programme Interventions,
61
Who spoke about family?
Hakim and Mujahidah, 2020
62
What did Hakim and Mujahidah, 2020 say?
Family can be particularly important with regard to an often key role of re-establishing a family-based identity in the individual
63
Who spoke about interventions?
Umam & Milla (2020)
64
What did Umam & Milla (2020) say?
Reported on the impact of two different interventions – emotional expression training and cognitive flexibility training – used with 66 terrorist detainees in Indonesia
65
What are psychological?
Disillusionment, Mental Health
66
Who spoke about identity?
Hogg & Adelman (2013)
67
What did Hogg & Adelman (2013) say?
Identity issues have been flagged as a key factor in radicalisation processes
68
What effect can mental health have?
Mental health issues can play in radicalisation processes
69
Who spoke about disillusionment?
Latif et al (2019)
70
What did Latif et al say?
Disillusionment is a comparative process whereby the individual compares their current existence and interactions with their prior experiences and/or expectations
71
What are environmental?
Prison.
72
What effect does physical space have?
Flagged as potentially significant factors in a variety of models of radicalisation.
73
What effect does imprisonment have?
Imprisonment is a recurring facilitator of disengagement and deradicalisation
74
Who looked at the effects of prisons?
Chalmers 2017 Latif et al 2019 Webber et al 2017
75
What did Chalmers 2017 find?
Prison provides an opportunity for reflection
76
What did Latif et al 2019 find?
Prison physically distances the individual from the group and/or other extremist individuals
77
What did Webber et al 2018 find?
Prison provides an opportunity to engage with disengagement and deradicalisation interventions

Key Perspectives & Debates in Criminology (19 decks)

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