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Geography > Hazardous Earth > Flashcards

Hazardous Earth Flashcards

1
Q

Low pressure [3]:

A

-depression
-low air rises
-bad weather

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2
Q

High pressure [3]

A

-anticyclone
-cold air sinks
-good weather

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3
Q

Atmosphere

A

The envelope of air containing different gases surrounding earth or another plant

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4
Q

Climate

A

The average weather in an area over a period of time

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5
Q

Atmospheric circulation

A

Large scale movement of air bye which heat is distributed on the surface of the earth

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6
Q

Land heats up and cools…

A

Quickly

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7
Q

Sea….. to heat up and cool

A

Takes time

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8
Q

Ocean currents

A

Transport warm water and precipitation from the equator towards the poles and cold water from the poles to the tropics

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9
Q

The three cells from equator up/down

A

Hadley cell, Ferrell cell, polar cell

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10
Q

Natural climate change causes [3]:

A

-changes in solar output
-volcanic emissions
-orbital theory

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11
Q

Evidence of climate change [3]:

A

-ice cores
-historical record
-tree rings (dendrochronology)

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12
Q

Volcanic theory [3]:

A

-volcano produce ash and sulphur dioxide gas
-If ash is high enough it can spread around stratosphere due to high level winds
-this blocks sunlight from coming causing the temperature to decrease

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13
Q

Sunspot theory [4]:

A

-<2000 years ago Chinese astronomers started to record sunspots
-the sun can have many spots, sometimes they may disappear
-sunspots tell us the sun is more active
-cooler periods little ice age, and warmer periods, medieval warm period, may have been caused by sunspot theory

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14
Q

Orbital theory [3]:

A

-the earths orbit is sometimes circular and more of an oval
-the earths axis tilts sometimes more upright sometimes to the side
-the earths axis wobbles like a spinning top

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15
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

The way gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun the gases act like glass in a greenhouse, they let heat in but prevent most of it from getting out

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16
Q

Human causes on the enhanced greenhouse effect[4]:

A

-transport
-deforestation
-livestock farming
-energy production

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17
Q

Transport

A

More CRS etc cause more co2 emissions

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18
Q

Deforestation

A

Cutting trees means increase in CO2 because less photosynthesis will occur

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19
Q

Livestock farming [2]:

A

-More cows mean more methane
-trees Ned to be cut for more farmland

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20
Q

Energy production

A

Burning fuels release greenhouse gases when releasing energy

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21
Q

Storms [3]:

A

-cyclone
- hurricane
-typhoon

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22
Q

Forming tropical storms [4]:

A

-the warm ocean (26.5) heats the air above
-rising warm air evaporates and starts to spin
-the air then cools ad condenses to form a towering cumulonimbus cloud
-intense low pressure sucks i aie,causing very strong winds

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23
Q

Coriolis effect

A

The result of the earths rotation on weather patterns and ocean currents making storm swirls clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and anti-clockwise in the northern hemisphere

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24
Q

Typhoon Haiyan [characteristics] [5]

A

-2013
-313km/h winds
-281.9mm rainfall
-7m waves
-category 6

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25
Q

Typhoon Haiyan [social impacts] [6]

A
  • 1 million homes damages
    -looting
    -1.9 million homeless
    -33k bags of rice stolen
    -3 million displaced
    -6k deaths
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26
Q

Typhoon Haiyan [environmental impacts] [4]

A

-disease outbreak
-loss of trees -> rising CO2
-floods -> knock over power barge
-71k acers of farmland affected

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27
Q

Typhoon Haiyan [economic impacts] [3]

A
  • lots of money spent on rebuilding
  • $5.8 billion
  • 61 million lost source of income
28
Q

Typhoon Haiyan [preparation] [3]

A

-minimal investment in planning, protection and prediction
- 7Nov a warning was sent out
- military deployed planes to areas thought to be affected more

29
Q

Typhoon Haiyan [responses] [3]

A
  • 2013 Tacloban residents did most of rebuilding
  • severe infrastructure damaged slowed relief effort
    -WHO coordinated an international response to help
30
Q

hurricane katrina [characteristics] [2]

A

-category 3
-6m surge

31
Q

hurricane Katrina [social impacts] [2]

A

-230,000 jobs lost
-1800 deaths

32
Q

hurricane Katrina [environmental impacts] [2]

A

-water polluted
-oil facilities damaged

33
Q

hurricane Katrina [economic impacts] [2]

A
  • $300 billion
    -oil facilities damaged
34
Q

hurricane Katrina [preparation and prediction] [4]

A

-80% evacuated
-stockpiled supplies
-emergency services always on standby
-sophisticated monitoring system

35
Q

hurricane Katrina [responses] [5]

A
  • homeless families in sports stadiums
  • looting was common
  • flood defence failed
  • helicopters were provided
    -racism
36
Q

Lithosphere

A

Top layer of mantle and bottom of the crust

37
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Upper part of mantle

38
Q

Oceanic crust [5 ]

A

-basaltic rock
-thinner
-younger
-can sink
-can be destroyed

39
Q

Continental crust[5]

A

-granite rock
-thicker
-older
-cannot sink
-cannot be destroyed

40
Q

Tectonic movement [3]

A

-mama heated by core , hot magma rises to the crust
-as it begins to cool it moves away and movs the crust along with it
-magma will sink back creating a convection current

41
Q

Divergent plate boundary [2]

A

-plates move away
-oceanic crust formed from magma from mantle

42
Q

Convergent plate boundary

A

-two plate collide

43
Q

Conservative plate boundary

A

Slide across each other

44
Q

Divergent plate boundary question [4]

A

-move apart from each other
-magma solidifies and forms ocean crust
-small earthquakes and volcanoes
-N.American plate and Eurasian plate

45
Q

Convergent plat boundary question [4]

A

-move towards each other [ocean sinks as less dense into aesthenosphere] [subduction]
-Nazca plate subducts under the S.American plate
-earthquakes, volcanic activity and underwater trenches
-Two continental plates create fold mountains causin major earthquakes

46
Q

Conservative plat boundaries [3]

A

-slide past each other
-N.American and Caribbean plate
-friction can cause earthquake

47
Q

Volcano types [2]

A

-shield
-composite

48
Q

Composite volcanos [6]

A

-convergent plate boundary
-narrow base and tall
-i=viscous shorter travelling andesitic lava
-infrequent but violent
-alternative layers of lava and ash
-mt st helen [usa]

49
Q

Shield volcanos [6]

A

-divergent plate boundary
-low, gentle slopes
-basaltic lava
-runny lava , pour out
-frequent and gentle
-mt Kilduea Hawaii

50
Q

Formation of shield volcanos [7]

A

-found in divergent plate boundaries
-two plate boundaries pull apart from each other
-low with gentle sloping sides
-formed by eruptions with basaltic lava which is runny and thin
-frequent and gentle erruptions
-low viscosity travelling large distances
-mount kilduea in Hawaii

51
Q

Formation of composite volcanoes [8]

A

-fount ur convergent plate boundaries
-dense oceanic plate subducts under continental plate
-melting of plate occurs in subduction zone and a pool of magma forms
-magma rose and pressure is released in an eruption
-pyroclastic flow rather than a a lava flow, mixture of steam, ash, lava and dirt
-alternating layers of lava and ash
-andeseitic lava is viscous, travels short distances
-mount St. Helens in the USA

52
Q

How earthquakes occur [3]

A

-rub against each other causing friction and get stuck
-builds up pressure and stress
-release and jerk sending S waves shocking the earth

53
Q

Earthquake Haiti characteristics [3]

A

-Haiti , Port au Prince
-N.American and Caribbean plat
-12 January 2010

54
Q

Earthquake Haiti social impacts [3]

A

-316000 deaths
-300000 injured
-1million house

55
Q

Earthquake Haiti economic impact [2]

A

-factories were 60% of haitis imports
-job loss due to businesses shutting down

56
Q

Earthquake Haiti environmental impacts[2]

A

-spread of cholera 8000 deaths
-water systems contaminated

57
Q

Earthquake Haiti responses [3]

A

-rescue teams arrives in 48 hours
-3/4 buildings repaired
-235,000 relocated people

58
Q

Earthquake Japan characteristics [3]

A

—tohoku japan
-9.0 magnitude
-Eurasian and pacific plate

59
Q

Earthquake Haiti social impacts

A

—15900 deaths
-2600 missing

60
Q

Earthquake Haiti economic impacts

A

-$23billion damage

61
Q

Earthquake Haiti environmental [2]

A

-tsunami
-dam burst

62
Q

Earthquake Haiti response [3]

A

-quick response fro rescue team
-army built temporary shelters
-global aid

63
Q

Earthquake Haiti planning

A

New buildings built

64
Q

Ice cores

A

Scientists use bubbles captured within ice to study gas composition

65
Q

Dendrology tree rings

A

Since trees are sensitive to climates scientists have an idea of previous climates by simply observing

66
Q

Hisorical records

A

Pictures or journal accounts

67
Q

answering graph questions [3]

A

-trends
-figures
-anomalies

Geography (4 decks)

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