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Geography GCSE > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

How does a tsunami occur?

A

Continental plate bounds up displacing water and waves are created in all directions

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2
Q

In an tsunami how do the waves behave in deepwater?

A

The waves are low and fast due to the small amounts of friction withe seabed

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3
Q

In an tsunami how do the waves behave in shallow water?

A

The waves are slow due to friction with seabed and it increases in weight

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4
Q

What usually occurs around a destructive plate margin?

A

Fold mountains and earthquakes

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5
Q

What’s a tsunami?

A

It’s a large wave due to displacement and occurs when an earthquake occurs at a destructive margin

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6
Q

What happens at a conservative plate margin?

A

Plates move side by side at different speeds
Plates get stuck due to friction and pressure builds up
When pressure releases, it releases a lot of energy causing earthquakes

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7
Q

What happens at a constructive plate margin?

A

Plates move apart, moving over the mantle causing earthquakes
Magma rises between plates and forms a shield volcano

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8
Q

What lava is around constructive plate margins?

A

Basaltic lava (fast moving)

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9
Q

What happens at a destructive plate margin?

A

Subduction - oceanic crust sinks below the continental crust
Oceanic crust melts creating magma
Magma rises creating composite volcanos due to pressure building up under the earths surface

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10
Q

What lava is around destructive plate margins?

A

Acidic lava - Very slow and forms cone volcanos

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11
Q

What is a risk?

A

When people live in an area susceptible to natural events.

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12
Q

What is a natural hazard?

A

Natural events that cause injury/ death or cost money to repair

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13
Q

What is a hazard?

A

Events that threaten or cause damage to people/ property

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14
Q

What is a natural event?

A

An occurrence that happens without human action

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15
Q

What does the Volcanic Explosivity Index not measure?

A

Speed, force and gas emitted

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16
Q

What is the volcanic Explosivity Index?

A

Logarithmic scale from 0-8
Measures volume of tephra emitted from volcano

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17
Q

What layers make up the earth (from outside to the middle)?

A

Crust
Mantle
Core

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18
Q

What is the richter scale?

A

Measures the magnitude of the earthquake
Measures on a seismograph using a logarithmic scale

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18
Q

What is a mercalli scale?

A

12 point scale
Measures impact and intensity

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19
Q

What is the Moment Magnitude Scale?

A

Measured on a seismic scale
Measures magnitude and seismic movement

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19
Q

What were the effects of Montserrat?

A

Loss of revenue from farming and tourism
Ash polluted air - health issues
Houses partially buried or burnt

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20
Q

How is Montserrat managed?

A

Montserrat Volcano Observatory - monitors volcanos and predicts future eruptions
Risk map produced to show safe areas of the island for residents

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20
Q

Why is Montserrat a hazardous area?

A

On a destructive plate margin where a volcano has formed

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21
Q

What were the short term effects of Eyjafjnallajokull?

A

Ash covered buildings which was messy but easy to clean
Flooding from glaciers (never be able to recover)

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21
What were the long term effects of Eyjafjnallajokull?
Glaciers will never recover after melting Ash impacted further europe (mainly plane travel) Roads and geothermal pipes were destroyed
22
Why is Eyjafjnallajokull a hazardous area?
Located under a hotspot Constructive plate margin through Iceland
23
How is Eyjafjnallajokull managed?
Careful monitoring Rehearsed and emergency response team Radar monitoring (measures height of ash)
24
What are the opportunities from Eyjafjnallajokull?
Ash improved crop yield Renewable energy and cool air used for computer businesses More tourists due to volcano
24
What is a hotspot?
Very hot under the surface due to mantle rising above core in these areas
25
What is a mainshock?
The main earthquake that occured
25
What is a foreshock?
Smaller earthquakes after the main one
26
What is a seismic wave?
They're waves of energy caused by sudden movement of plates
27
What is a focus?
Location below the earths surface where the earthquake starts
27
What is an aftershock?
It follows the main shock
28
What is an earthquake?
Violent movement of the earths surface, happens when two plates move past each other (conservative plate margin)
28
What are human factors that worsen earthquakes?
Economic development (if lower it worsens) High/low population density (impact on people)
29
What are physical factors that worsen earthquakes?
Topography - mountains (landslides), coastal areas (tsunami)
29
What is liquefaction?
In coastal areas/ near rivers, land becomes saturated which causes it to act like a liquid. Buildings can sink and enhances shaking of ground
30
What was the cause of Nepal's earthquake?
It's located on a conservative plate margin
31
What was the impact of the Nepal earthquake?
Loss of household energy Low levels of drinking water Limited capacity for supplies or leaving (airport) Landslides cut roads out
31
What is the issue with low levels of drinking water in a natural disaster?
This can cause an easier spread of disease
32
How was Nepal earthquake managed?
Specialist earthquake response team help from china Temporary houses built Red cross have been preparing and are trained for earthquakes
33
What was the cause for Kobe earthquake?
Philippines plate sub-ducted under Eurasian plate Located on destructive plate margin
34
What was the impacts of the Kobe earthquake?
Fires caused by broken pipes (health issues and high repair costs) Electricity, water and gas supplies disrupted Houses and buildings destroyed
35
What management was done for Kobe earthquake?
More modern buildings built Increased number in seismic equipment usage New buildings to attract people back who left
36
Which country is a HIC and which is a LIC (Kobe and Nepal)?
Kobe is a HIC and Nepal is a LIC
36
How were buildings improved since the Kobe earthquake?
They used fire resistant materials and had more stable foundation
36
What comparisons can you make between Kobe and Nepal earthquakes?
Nepals quality of life would increase slowly due to cost of buildings Kobe has better warning and response systems Kobe has more money to spend on recovery
37
What is radon gas sensor when it comes to prediction and preparation for earthquakes?
Radon is released more during the build up to an earthquake
37
What is water table when it comes to prediction and preparation for earthquakes?
Levels of water rise/ fall due to stress before an earthquake
38
What is levelling when it comes to prediction and preparation for earthquakes?
Surveys movement across a fault line
38
What is Satellite surveying when it comes to prediction and preparation for earthquakes?
Surveys plate movement and small changes of the earth's surface
38
What is Seisometer when it comes to prediction and preparation for earthquakes?
Computer detects the epicentre from shockwaves of a earthquake
39
What is laser reflector when it comes to prediction and preparation for earthquakes?
Laser beams across fault zone detects movement
40
What is strain meter when it comes to prediction and preparation for earthquakes?
Measures the stretching and compression of the earths crust
40
What are trade winds and what direction do the move?
They move from east to west and converge near the equator
40
What is gravity, magnet and resistance meter when it comes to prediction and preparation for earthquakes?
Measures changes in rocks during the build up to an earthquake as stress increases
40
How do tropical storms form?
Energy is drawn from seas 27°C+ The form around developing wave storms Warm water evaporates and rises, converging to form storm clouds by cooling + condensing Trade winds carry the storm
40
What is the coriolis effect?
Earth spinning creates tropical storms circling effect
41
What is the cause for the tropical storm Nargis?
Low pressure system in the bay of Bengal Coast 1m above sea level (nothing to stop it reach Myanmar)
42
What are the economic effects of the tropical storm Nargis?
75% of buildings collapsed Rice fields flooded (job loss)
43
What are the environmental effects of the tropical storm Nargis?
Heavy rainfall Floodwater went 40-50km destroying farmland, livestock and fisheries
44
What are the social effects of the tropical storm Nargis?
Children had to be orphaned Lack of food and water
45
How was the tropical storm Nargis managed?
UK sent £17 million of aid Bangladesh sent emergency workers to deal with cyclones Thailand sent $100,000 in supplies to help
46
What is the past data method when it comes to storm management?
Meteorologist uses data from previous years to predict for next year
47
What does the past data method predict when it comes to storm management?
Named storms Major huricanes
48
What is the positives of the past data method when it comes to storm management?
Estimates are good as seasonal changes are less likely to change between years
49
What is the negatives of the past data method when it comes to storm management?
Seasons may go beyond predictions Based on estimates and probability
50
What is flying into the storm when it comes to storm management?
Using monitoring and high tech equipment to collect wind speeds and pressure data inside the hurricane.
51
What is the positives of flying into the storm when it comes to storm management?
Real data GP's reading - exact location
52
What is the negatives of flying into the storm when it comes to storm management?
Expensive Dangerous Only shows strength at certain points
53
What is storm chasing when it comes to storm management?
Gets footage inside the hurricane which can educate people
54
What is the positives of storm chasing when it comes to storm management?
Shows true force of the hurricane Educates people
55
What is the negatives of storm chasing when it comes to storm management?
Dangerous Wind topples cars Against safety advice + education procedures
56
What is satellite tracking when it comes to storm management?
Shows size and rotation, meteorologists can predict paths
57
What is the positives of satellite tracking when it comes to storm management?
Shows the magnitude and scale Shows travel and helps prediction
58
What is the negatives of satellite tracking when it comes to storm management?
Can't rely on location in 5 days as ocean temperature changes regularly

Geography GCSE (4 decks)

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