HBS EXAM 1 Flashcards
(312 cards)
1
Q
pleural recesses
A
opposing surfaces of parietal pleura; potential space
2
Q
costodiaphragmatic recess
A
btwn costal and diaphragm pleura
3
Q
how many lobes does the right lung have?
A
3- superior, middle, inferior
4
Q
fissures of the right lobe
A
oblique
horizontal
5
Q
what does the oblique fissure of the right lung separate?
A
inferior and middle lobes
6
Q
what does the horizontal fissure of the right lung separate?
A
superior and middle lobes
7
Q
relationship of the pulmonary artery to the main bronchus in the right lung
A
anterior
8
Q
lobes of the left lung
A
2- superior, inferior
9
Q
relationship of the pulmonary artery to the main bronchus in the left lung
A
superior
10
Q
3 main structures in the lung hilum
A
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
main bronchus
11
Q
borders of the mediastinum
A
superior thoracic aperture
diaphragm
sternum
vertebral bodies
12
Q
structures in the superior mediastinum
A
thymus brachiocephalic veins SVC aortic arch trachea esophagus phrenic nerves vagus nerves thoracic duct
13
Q
where does the phrenic nerve travel?
A
superior and middle mediastinum
within the fibrous pericardium
thru diaphragm
14
Q
where does the vagus nerve travel?
A
superior and posterior mediastinum
15
Q
functions of vagus nerve
A
parasympathetic innervation to viscera
relay visceral info to CNS
16
Q
what is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve responsible for?
A
innervates muscles of the larynx- vocalization
17
Q
how does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve travel?
A
inferiorly to the aortic arch
posterior to the ligamentum arteriosum
18
Q
what does the middle mediastinum contain?
A
pericardium
heart
origins of great vessels
various nerves, vessels
19
Q
what does the posterior mediastinum contain?
A
esophagus thoracic aorta azygos veins thoracic veins thoracic duct sympathetic trunk thoracic splanchnic nerves
20
Q
what does the azygos vein drain?
A
blood from body wall into SVC
21
Q
what does the hemiazygos vein drain?
A
blood from lower body wall into azygos vein
22
Q
what does the accessory azygos vein drain?
A
blood from upper body wall into azygos vein
23
Q
role of thoracic duct
A
drains lymph from most of body into junction btwn left subclavian and left jugular veins
24
Q
what do the upper ganglia of the sympathetic trunk innervate?
A
sympathetic innervation to thoracic vertebra
25
what do the lower ganglia of the sympathetic trunk innervate?
splanchnic nerves supply the ab and pelvic viscera
26
what is the first branch of the ascending aorta?
brachiocephalic trunk
27
what is the second branch of the ascending aorta?
left common carotid artery
28
what is the third branch of the ascending aorta?
left subclavian artery
29
fibrous pericardium
tough CT that creates the boundaries of the middle mediastinum
30
parietal serous pericardium
lines inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
31
visceral serous pericardium
adheres to the heart
32
landmarks of the right atrium
auricle
pectinate muscles
crista terminalis
33
pectinate muscles
ridges that fan out from the crista terminalis in the heart muscle
34
crista terminalis
smooth muscular ridges that begin on the roof of the RA in front of the opening of the SVC and extends down the wall to the lip of the IVC
35
where is the tricuspid valve?
btwn RA and RV
36
landmarks of the right ventricle
trabeculae carnae
3 papillary muscles
chordae tendinae
37
trabeculae carnae
irregular muscular structures in the heart
38
chordae tendinae
tough, tendinous strings attached to the AV valve
39
key features of the pulmonary valve
semilunar cusps
| pulmonary sinuses
40
pulmonary sinus function
recoil of blood fills these and forces the cusps of the pulmonary valve closed; prevents the refilling of the RV
41
key features of the left atrium
auricle
| smooth walls
42
where is the mitral valve?
btwn LA and LV
43
key features of the LV
trabeculae carnae
2 papillary muscles
chordae tendinae
44
key features of the aortic valve
semilunar cusps
aortic sinuses
openings for coronary arteries
45
semilunar cusps
free edges of the aortic valve that project upward into the lumen of the ascending aorta
46
aortic sinuses
blood fills these and is then forced into coronary arteries
47
what does the right coronary artery and its major branches supply?
```
anterior RA
lower LA
RV
some of LV and septum
conducting system
```
48
major branches of the right coronary artery
sinu-atrial nodal
right marginal
posterior interventricular
49
what does the left coronary artery and its major branches supply?
posterior LA
LV
some of RV and septum
50
major branches of the left coronary artery
anterior interventricular
| circumflex
51
what is the main venous structure of the heart?
coronary sinus
52
what are the major tributaries of the coronary sinus?
great, middle, and small cardiac veins
53
what is the parasympathetic innervation of the heart?
fibers from left and right vagus nerve enter the cardiac plexus
54
what is the sympathetic innervation of the heart?
fibers from the thoracic spinal cord go thru the sympathetic trunk into the cardiac plexus
55
mesentery
peritoneal folds that connect the viscera to the abdominal wall
56
mesentery proper associated with ____
small intestine
57
transverse mesocolon associated with ___
transverse colon
58
sigmoid mesocolon associated with ____
sigmoid colon
59
what separates the greater and lesser sacs?
omental foramen
60
omenta
2 layers of peritoneum
61
greater omentum
apron like structure suspended from the stomach and the duodenum
62
what is the greater omentum derived from?
dorsal mesentery
63
what is the lesser omentum derived from?
ventral mesentery
64
where is the hepatoduodenal ligament?
in the lesser omentum
| passes btwn duodenum and liver
65
what does the hepatoduodenal ligament contain?
portal vein and other structures
66
peritoneum
layer of fascia that stretches around the inside of the ab wall
67
intraperitoneal
suspended within the peritoneal cavity
68
retroperitoneal
outside the peritoneal cavity
69
secondarily retroperitoneal
pushed against body wall, appears to be retroperitoneal
70
what is the blood supply of the foregut?
celiac trunk
71
what is the blood supply of the lesser curvature of the stomach ?
left gastric artery (from celiac trunk)
| right gastric artery (from proper hepatic artery)
72
what is the blood supply of the greater curvature of the stomach?
right gatro-omental artery (from gastroduodenal artery)
| left gastro-omental artery (from splenic artery)
73
what is the blood supply of the body of the stomach?
posterior gastric artery (from splenic artery)
74
what is part of the foregut?
abdominal esophagus
stomach
prox duodenum
75
what is the blood supply of the midgut?
superior mesenteric artery
76
what is the blood supply of the distal duodenum?
```
gastroduodenal artery (from celiac trunk)
pancreaticoduodenal artery (from SMA)
other branches of SMA
```
77
what is the blood supply of the jejunum?
intestinal branches of the SMA
78
what is the blood supply of the ileum?
intestinal branches of the SMA
| ileal branches of the ileocolic artery (from SMA)
79
what is the blood supply of the hindgut?
inferior mesenteric artery
80
what is the blood supply of the cecum?
ileocolic artery
81
what is the blood supply of the ascending colon?
right colic and ileocolic arteries
82
what is the blood supply of the transverse colon?
right and middle colic arteries
83
what ensures consistent blood flow to the colon?
SMA and IMA anastomosis
84
what is the blood supply of the rectum and superior 2/3 of the anal canal?
superior rectal artery from the IMA
middle rectal artery from the internal iliac artery
inferior rectal artery from the internal pudendal artery
85
4 regions of the stomach
cardia
fundus
body
pyloric region
86
4 parts of the duodenum
superior
descending
inferior
ascending
87
features of jejunum
thicker wall
plicae circulares
long vasa recta
88
features of ileum
thinner walls
prominent arterial arcades
short vasa recta
89
epiploic/omental appendages
appendages of fat that hang from the body of the intestine
90
teniae coli
3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscles that contract to form haustra in colon
91
liver location
right hypochondrium and epigastric region
| RUQ & LUQ
92
liver function
process nutrients
detox
storage
93
liver arterial supply
common hepatic artery
94
gallbladder location
on the visceral surface of the liver btwn right and quadrate lobes
95
gallbladder function
stores & conc bile
| transfers bile from liver to duodenum
96
arterial supply of gallbladder
cystic artery from the right hepatic artery
97
pancreas location
posterior to stomach
| head is nested in crook of stomach
98
pancreas function
pancreatic NZ enter duodenum
| insulin and glucagon enter blood
99
arterial supply of the pancreas
extensive branches of the celiac artery and SMA
100
spleen location
LUQ
| left hypochondrium
101
arterial supply of the spleen
splenic artery from the ab aorta
102
4 lobes of the liver
right
left
caudate
quadrate
103
falciform ligament
separates right and left lobes
| attaches liver to ab wall
104
3 major structures of the portal triad
portal vein
proper hepatic artery
common bile duct
105
what houses the portal triad?
hepatoduodenal ligament
106
10 branches of the ab aorta
```
inferior phrenic arteries
celiac trunk
SMA
middle suprarenal arteries
renal arteries
testicular/ovarian arteries
lumbar arteries
IMA
median sacral artery
common iliac artery
```
107
what do the inferior phrenic arteries supply?
suprarenal glands
108
what does the celiac trunk supply?
foregut
109
what does the SMA supply?
midgut
110
what do the middle suprarenal arteries supply?
suprarenal glands
111
what do the renal arteries supply?
kidneys
112
what do the lumbar arteries supply?
spinal cord
113
what does the IMA supply?
hindgut
114
what drains the foregut?
splenic vein
115
what drains the hindgut?
inferior mesenteric vein
116
what does the inferior mesenteric vein drain into?
splenic vein
117
what drains the midgut?
superior mesenteric vein
118
portal vein
final common pathway for the transport of venous blood from the spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, GI tract
119
4 muscles of the posterior ab wall
transversus abdominis
quadratus laborum
psoas major
iliacus
120
motor function of iliohypogastric nerve
internal oblique
| transversus abdominis
121
motor function of ilioinguinal
interal oblique
| transversus abdominis
122
motor function of genitofemoral
cremasteric muscle
123
motor function of obturator
medial compartment of thigh muscles
124
motor function of femoral nerve
iliacus
| anterior compartment of thigh muscles
125
kidney location
retroperitoneal in posterior ab region
| lie in extraperitoneal CT
126
path of urine as it drains from kidney --> ureters
```
cortex
medulla- renal pyramids, renal papillae
minor calyces
major calcyes
renal pelvis
hilum- ureter
```
127
role of cortex of adrenal glands
secretes corticosteriods and androgens
128
role of medulla of adrenal glands
secretes NE and epi
129
blood supply to the adrenal glands
superior suprarenal arteries (inferior phrenic)
middle suprarenal artery (aorta)
inferior suprarenal artery (renal artery)
130
blood supply to the kidney
renal arteries from the aorta
131
blood supply to the ureters
renal arteries
132
venous drainage of kidneys
renal veins and tributaries to IVC
133
left gonadal vein drains into the ___
left renal vein
134
the right vein drains directly into the ____
IVC
135
condyle
rounded elevation
136
crest
sharp edge
137
foramen
hole
138
fossa
wide depression
139
groove
narrow indentation
140
notch
large groove
141
process
localized projection
142
line
low, narrow ridge
143
spine
elongated projection
144
tubercle
small, rounded elevation
145
tuberosity
large, rounded elevation
146
anatomical position
standing upright, feet flat on floor, arms at sides, palms, face and eyes forward
147
transverse/horizontal/axial section
divides body into superior and inferior sections
148
coronal/frontal section
divides body into anterior and posterior sections
149
sagittal section
divides body into left and right sections
150
synovial joint
an articular cavity separates skeletal elements, bones are covered by hyaline cartilage and are enclosed in a joint capsule
151
solid joint
skeletal components are held together by CT
152
sutures
fibrous solid joint; linked by sutural ligament; find in skull
153
gomphosis
fibrous solid joint; linked by periodontal ligament; find in teeth
154
syndesmosis
fibrous solid joint; linked by a ligament; find in the forearm
155
synchondrosis
cartilaginous solid joint; ossification centers separated by cartilage
156
symphysis
cartilaginous solid joint; separate bones linked by cartilage; find in intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
157
where is the breast located?
subcutaneous tissue of thoracic wall
158
where is the nipple located?
dermatome T4
159
nipple function
circular smooth muscle fibers that compress the lactiferous duct during lactation
160
areola
circular pigmented area of skin around nipple; contains numerous sebaceous glands which secrete an oily substance during pregnancy and nursing
161
suspensory/Cooper's ligaments
firmly attach the mammary gland to the dermis of the skin and the underlying deep fascia of the pectoralis muscle
162
boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture
body of vertebra T1
superior margins of first ribs
superior sternum
163
boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture
body of vertebra T12
inferior margins of inferior-most ribs
inferior sternum
164
anterior end of rib is continuous with ______
costal cartilage
165
posterior end of rib articulates with ______
vertebral column
166
head of rib
2 articular surfaces separated by a crest
167
smaller superior surface of head of rib articulates with _____
inferior costal facet on the body of the vertebra above
168
larger inferior facet of head of rib articulates with _____
superior costal facet of its own vertebra
169
neck of rib
short, flat region of bone that separates the head from the tubercle
170
tubercle of rib
projects posteriorly from the junction of the neck with the shaft and has 2 regions, articular and nonarticular regions
171
3 elements of the sternum
the sternum
manubrium
body
xiphoid process
172
how many true ribs?
7
173
how many false ribs?
5
174
how many thoracic ribs?
12
175
where are intercostal nerve bundles?
between internal and innermost layer of muscles of intercostal space
176
what level is the umbilicus at?
T10
177
what is the diaphragm peripherally attached to?
```
xiphoid process
costal margin of the thoracic wall
end of ribs 11 and 12
ligaments that span across the structures o the posterior ab wall
vertebrae of the lumbar wall
```
178
what level is the hiatus of the inferior vena cava?
T8
179
what level is the esophageal hiatus?
T10
180
what level is the aortic hiatuses?
T12
181
what nerve innervates the diaphragm?
phrenic nerve (C3,4,5)
182
what happens during quiet breathing inspiration?
diaphragm contraction lowers the the diaphragm to increase vol
183
what happens during quiet breathing expiration?
passive recoil of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles decreases vol and increases P
184
what happens during forced inspiration?
diaphragm, external intercostal muscles raise the lower ribs, scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles raise the upper ribs
185
what happens during forced expiration?
recoil of diaphragm aided by abdominal muscles, increases P and pushes up diaphragm
186
whats in the RUQ?
liver
| gallbladder
187
whats in the LUQ?
stomach
| spleen
188
whats in the RLQ?
cecum
| appendix
189
whats in the LLQ?
colon
190
organ pain patterns associated with epigastric region
referred pain from foregut
191
organ pain patterns associated with umbilical region
referred pain from midgut
192
organ pain patterns associated with pubic region
referred pain from hindgut
193
Camper fascia
superficial layer of subcutaneous tissue in the body wall
194
Scarpa fascia
deep membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue in the body wall
195
superficial muscle of the abdomen
external oblique
196
intermediate muscle of the abdomen
internal oblique
197
deep muscle of the abdomen
transversus abdominis overlying trasversalis fascia
198
linea alba
point where fibers cross in the midline of the thorax; no nerves or blood vessels cross
199
rectus abdominis
primary vertical muscle of the anterior abdominal wall
200
where is the rectus abdominis attached?
inner surface of the rectus sheath by tendinous inscriptions
201
role of rectus abdominis
flexes and stabilizes trunk
maintain and increase intra ab P
contributes to postural support
aids in resp
202
parietal peritoneum
outer layer of ab cavity, not part of ab wall
203
inguinal ligament
thick, under turned inferior margin of the external oblique aponeurosis
204
role of inguinal ligament
forms retinaculum of hip joint (holds structures that pass from trunk to lower limb against the body during hip flexion)
205
inguinal canal
when testis descends, layers of ab cavity are stretched as wrappings of cord and testis
206
superficial inguinal ring
exit of inguinal canal
207
deep inguinal ring
entrance to inguinal canal
208
inguinal (Hasselbach's) triangle
small area of potential weakness in ab wall that leaves it vulnerable to hernias
209
what are the borders of the inguinal triangle?
rectus abdominis
inguinal ligament
inferior epigastric vessels
210
indirect hernia
caused by path of descent of testis failing to fully close so loops of intestine herniate through the inguinal canal
211
direct hernia
increased intra-ab P forces intestine and peritoneal covering through weak inguinal triangle
212
carina
area of bifurcation of the trachea
213
fossa ovalis
shunt between L and R atria
214
ligamentum arteriosum
shunt between aorta and pulmonary arteries
215
what is the arterial supply of the testes?
testicular artery from the aorta
216
what is the arterial supply of the ovaries?
ovarian artery from the aorta
217
what is the arterial supply of the uterus?
uterine artery from the Internal iliac
218
what is the arterial supply of the vagina?
branches of the internal iliac artery
| branches of the uterine, vaginal, internal pudendal arteries
219
perineum
contains and supports the external genitalia and external openings of the genitourinary and GI systems
220
pelvic girdle
formed by 2 innominate bones and the sacrum
221
ilium
most superior part of the pelvic bone
222
landmarks of the ilium
iliac crest
iliac fossa
4 spines
auricular surface
223
iliac crest
site of attachment for muscles and fascia of the abdomen, back, and lower limb
224
4 spines of the ilium
anterior superior
posterior superior
anterior inferior
posterior inferior
225
auricular surface
ear shaped surface of the ilium with an articulation for the sacrum
226
ischum
the posterior and inferior part of the pelvic bone
227
landmarks of the ischim
ischial spine
sciatic notches
ischial tuberosity
228
role of ischial spine
separates into the greater and lesser sciatic notches
229
roles of ischial tuberosity
site of attachment of lower limb muscles
| supports body when sitting
230
pubis
anterior and inferior part of the pelvic bone
231
landmarks of the pubis
superior and inferior rami
symphyseal face
tubercle
232
symphyseal face
where 2 halves of the pelvis come together
233
linea terminalis
marks the pelvic inlet
234
perineal membrane
fascial layer attached to the pubic arch
235
role of perineal membrane
attachment point for genitalia and associated muscles
| divides pelvis proper and perineum
236
joints of the pelvis
lumbosacral
sacroiliac
pubic symphysis
237
lumbosacral joint
formed between vertebra LV and sacrum
238
role of sacroiliac joints
transmits force from the lower limbs to the vertebral column
239
3 ligaments of the sacroiliac joints
anterior, interosseus, and posterior sacroiliac
240
2 ligaments of of the pubic symphysis
superior and inferior pubic ligaments
241
sacrospinous ligament attachments
sacrum and ischial spine
242
sacrotuberous ligament attachments
sacrum and ischial tuberosity
243
muscles of the pelvic wall
piriformis
| obturator internus
244
piriformis function
hip lateral rotation and abduction
245
obrturator internus function
lateral hip rotation
246
muscles of the pelvic floor
levator ani
| coccygeus
247
levator ani function
supports pelvic viscera
248
puborectalis function
sling around rectum
249
coccygeus function
supports pelvic viscera
250
what is the major route of communication between the pelvic cavity and lower limb?
greater sciatic foramen
251
what creates the greater sciatic foramen?
sacrospinous ligament
sacrotuberous ligament
greater sciatic notch
252
what creates the lesser sciatic foramen?
sacrospinous ligament
sacrotuberous ligament
lesser sciatic notch
ischial spine
253
role of lesser sciatic foramen
transmits the pudendal nerve and internal pudendal nerves into the pelvis
254
role of obturator canal
transmits the obturator nerve and vessels to the lower limb
255
pathway of sperm
```
seminiferous tubules
epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory ducts
urethra
penis
```
256
where are the seminiferous tubules?
testes
257
epididymis
single, long coiled duct that courses along the posterolateral side of the testes
258
vas (ductus) deferens
long muscular duct that transports sperm from the tail of the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
259
where is the epididymis?
scrotum
260
where are the ejaculatory ducts?
pelvic cavity
261
the ____ join the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct
seminal vesicles
262
what do the seminal vesicles produce?
alkaline fluid for energy and anticoagulation
263
where are the seminal vesicles?
posterior to the inferior bladder and prostate
264
what does the prostate produce
prostatic fluid which activates sperm
265
where is the prostate?
inferior to the bladder, surrounds prostatic urethra
266
the ____ ducts open into the spongy urethra
bulbourethral gland
267
what do the bulbourethral glands produce?
mucus like secretion for lubrication and irrigation
268
where are the bulbourethral gland ducts?
either side of the penile urethra within the perineal membrane
269
where are the ovaries?
on the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity, inferior to the pelvic inlet
270
where is the uterus?
midline, between bladder and rectum
271
what forms the sacral and coccygeal plexuses?
L4-5
S1-5
coccygeal nerve
272
functions of the sacral and coccygeal plexuses
motor to lower limb, muscles of the pelvis and perineum
| sensory to perineum, lower limb
273
what is the pudendal nerve derived from?
S2,3,4
274
major branches of the pudendal nerve
inferior rectal
perineal
dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris
275
what does the inferior rectal nerve innervate
external anal sphincter
| sensory to the anal triangle
276
what does the perineal nerve innervate
motor innervation to the perineal muscles
277
what does the dorsal nerve of the penis/clitoris innervate?
sensory to glans
278
role of pelvic splanchnic nerve parasympathetic innervation
stimulate erection
modulate mobility in the distal GI
relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter
279
role of the pelvic sympathetic trunk
contraction of smooth muscle in the internal urethral sphincter and internal anal sphincter and reproductive tract (ejaculation)
280
what does the external iliac artery supply?
anterior body wall
281
what does the external iliac artery continue as in the lower limb?
femoral artery
282
what are the branches of the external iliac arteries in the anterior body wall?
deep circumflex
| inferior epigastric
283
what does the internal iliac artery supply?
```
lower posterior ab wall
posterior pelvic wall
gluteal region
pelvic viscera
perineum
adductor region of thigh
```
284
what artery supplies the bladder in males?
superior and inferior vesicular arteries
285
what artery supplies the rectum?
middle and inferior rectal arteries
286
what artery supplies the prostate and ductus deferens in males?
inferior vesicular arteries
287
what artery supplies the perineum?
internal pudendal artery
288
what artery supplies the bladder in females?
superior vesicular
| vaginal
289
what artery supplies the uterus in females?
uterine arteries
290
what artery supplies the superior vagina in females?
uterine artery
291
what artery supplies the inferior vagina in females?
internal pudendal artery
292
what are the corners of the perineum?
pubic symphysis
coccyx
ischial tuberosities
293
what are the borders of the perineum?
ischiopubic rami
| sacrotuberous ligaments
294
what is the ceiling of the perineum?
pelvic diaphragm- levator ani, coccygeus
295
margins of anal triangle
lateral- sacrotuberous ligaments
anterior- horizontal line between ischial tuberosities
posterior- coccyx
ceiling- pelvic diaphragm
296
contents urogenital triangle in males
scrotum
| penis
297
contents urogenital triangle in females
urethra
| vulva
298
role of ischiocavernous muscle
moves blood from the crura into the body of the erect penis/clitoris
299
role of bulbospongiosus muscle
moves blood from the attached parts of the penis/clitoris to the glans
300
role of the superficial transverse perineal muscle
stabilizes the perineal body
301
what innervates the ischiocavernous muscle?
pudendal nerve
302
what innervates the bulbospongiosus muscle?
pudendal nerve
303
what innervates the superficial transverse perineal muscle?
pudendal nerve
304
male equivalent of clitoris
glans penis
305
male equivalent of labia minora
inferior raphe of penis
306
male equivalent of the labia majora
scrotum
307
corpora cavernosa
cylindrically shaped on either side of the urogenital triangle, anchored by proximal ends to the pubic arch
308
bulb
surrounds openings of urogenital system
309
corpus spongiosum
large erectile mass that's equivalent to the bulb in women
310
3 erectile tissues
corpora cavernosa
bulb
corpus spongiosum
311
3 major terminal branches of the pudendal nerve
inferior rectal
perineal
dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris
312
course of the pudendal nerve
travels along lateral wall of ischio-anal fossa in the pudendal canal
