HBS EXAM 2 Flashcards
(521 cards)
1
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
limbs/extremities
2
Q
axial skeleton
A
ribs
vertebral column
skull
3
Q
horizontal plane motion occurs around a ___ axis
A
longitudinal/superior-inferior
4
Q
frontal plane motion occurs around a ____ axis
A
anterior-posterior
5
Q
sagittal plane motion occurs around a ____ axis
A
mediolateral
6
Q
flexion
A
bending forward
7
Q
extension
A
leaning backward
8
Q
lateral flexion
A
leaning to one side
9
Q
movements of the head, spine, and trunk that take place in the sagittal plane
A
flexion
extension
10
Q
movements of the head, spine, and trunk that take place in the frontal plane
A
lateral flexion
11
Q
movements of the head, spine, and trunk that take place in the horizontal plane
A
rotation
12
Q
movements of the shoulder joint and arm that take place in the sagittal plane
A
flexion
extension
13
Q
movements of the shoulder joint and arm that take place in the frontal plane
A
abduction
adduction
14
Q
abduction
A
deviating away from the midline
15
Q
adduction
A
moving toward the midline
16
Q
movements of the shoulder joint and arm that take place in the horizontal plane
A
internal/medial rotation
external/lateral rotation
17
Q
movements of the elbow joint and forearm that take place in the sagittal plane
A
flexion
extension
18
Q
movements of the elbow joint and forearm that take place in the horizontal plane
A
pronation
supination
19
Q
movements of the wrist joint and hand that take place in the sagittal plane
A
flexion
extension
20
Q
movements of the wrist joint and hand that take place in the frontal plane
A
abduction
adduction
21
Q
movements of the wrist joint and hand that take place in the sagittal plane
A
flexion
extension
22
Q
movements of the wrist joint and hand that take place in the frontal plane
A
abduction
adduction
23
Q
movements of the wrist joint and hand that take place in the horizontal plane
A
internal rotation
external rotation
24
Q
movements of the knee joint and leg that take place in the sagittal plane
A
flexion
extension
25
movements of the ankle joint and foot that take place in the sagittal plane
dorsiflexion
| plantarflexion
26
movements of the ankle joint and foot that take place in the frontal plane
eversion
| inversion
27
gluteal region
includes part of the bony pelvic and associated soft tissues
28
thigh
contains the femur and associated soft tissue structures
29
leg
contains the tibia and fibula and associated soft tissue structures
30
foot
includes tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges and associated soft tissue structures
31
hip
includes part of the bony pelvis, proximal femur and associated soft tissue structures
32
knee
includes the distal femur, proximal tibia, patella and associated soft tissue structures
33
ankle
includes the distal tibia and fibula, proximal talus and associated soft tissue structures
34
3 bones that comprise the hip bone
ilium
ischium
pubis
35
acetabulum
location of femoral head articulation --> hip joint
36
greater trochanter
large lateral bony prominence located at the junction of the femoral neck and shaft
37
lesser trochanter
medial bony prominence at the junction of the femoral neck and shaft
38
interotrochanteric line
located anteriorly at the point where the femoral neck meets the femoral shaft
39
fovea of proximal femur
attachment site of the ligament of the head of the femur
40
intertrochanteric crest
located posteriorly at the point where the femoral neck meets the femoral shaft
41
gluteal tuberosity
ridge of bone between greater trochanter and linea aspera
42
pectineal line
ridge of bone btwn lesser trochanter and linea aspera
43
linea aspera
vertical ridge of bone along posterior shaft of femur
44
medial and lateral supracondylar line
extends inferiorly from the linea aspera
45
medial and lateral femoral condyles
expanded lower aspect of the femur
46
articular surface for patella and tibia
shallow depression on the anterior distal femur
47
intercondylar fossa
separates the femoral condyles posteriorly
48
medial and lateral epicondyles
most prominent area on the medial and lateral femoral condyles
49
femoral shaft/body
length of the femur distal to the trochanters and proximal to the femoral condyles
50
medial and lateral tibial condyles
flattened proximal portion of the tibia
51
tibial plateau
relatively flat superior surface of the tibia
52
where is the tibial tuberosity
located on the anterior aspect of the proximal tibia
53
medial malleolus
medial projection of the distal tibial shaft
54
head of fibula
proximal expanded region of the fibular that articulates with the tibia
55
lateral malleolus
distal expanded region of the fibula
56
where is the interosseous membrane
between shafts of tibia and fibula
57
patella
medial and lateral articular facet that articulates with the femoral condyles
58
bones of the foot
7 tarsal bones
5 metatarsals
14 phalanges
59
7 tarsal bones
```
talus
calcaneus
navicular
cuboid
3 cuneiforms
```
60
how many vertebrae?
33
61
how many cervical vertebrae?
7
62
how many thoracic vertebrae?
12
63
how many lumbar vertebrae?
5
64
how many sacral vertebrae?
~5 fused
65
coccyx
3-4 fused vertebrae
66
primary curvatures of the spine
concave anteriorly
67
which regions are the primary curvatures of the spine?
thoracic
| sacral
68
secondary curvatures of the spine
concave posteriorly
69
which regions are the secondary curvatures of the spine?
cervical
| lumbar
70
vertebral body
weight bearing part of the vertebra
71
vertebral arch
forms lateral and posterior parts of the vertebral foramen
72
vertebral canal
contains and protects the spinal cord
73
pedicles of the vertebra
bony pillars that attach the vertebral arch to the vertebral body
74
laminae of the vertebra
flat sheets of bone that extend from each pedicle to meet in the midline and form the roof of the vertebral arch
75
spinous process of the vertebra
project posteriorly and inferiorly from the junction of the laminae,
site for muscle and ligament attachment
76
transverse process of the vertebra
extends posterolaterally from the junction of the pedicle and lamina on each side,
articulates with ribs in the thoracic region
77
articular processes of the vertebra
project from the region where pedicle join laminae,
| articulate with inferior and superior articular processes of adjacent vertebra
78
features of cervical vertebrae
spinous process is bifurcated
triangular canal
small vertebral body
transverse foramen
79
role of the atlas
holds the head up
80
what is the atlas attached to?
occipital bone
81
unique feature of atlas and axis
no vertebral body
82
axis role
allows head to rotate
83
dens/odontoid process
on axis
| specialized body that allows the head to rotate
84
unique features of thoracic vertebrae
more articular surfaces
round foramen
costovertebral joints with ribs
85
unique features of lumbar vertebrae
larger size
| triangular canal
86
zygapophysial joints and motions of cervical vertebra
sloping inferiorly from anterior to posterior,
rotation
flexion
extension
87
zygapophysial joints and motions of thoracic vertebra
vertically oriented
flexion
extension
rotation
88
zygapophysial joints and motions of lumbar vertebra
facing inward
| limited movement in favor of stability
89
vertebral body of cervical vertebra
short in height
| curved surface
90
vertebral body of thoracic vertebra
heart shaped
91
vertebral body of lumbar vertebra
cylindrical
92
vertebral foramina of cervical vertebra
triangular
93
vertebral foramina of thoracic vertebra
circular
94
vertebral foramina of lumbar vertebra
triangular
95
2 major types of intervertebral joints
zygapophysial joints
| intervertebral discs
96
zygapophysial joint
synovial joint that connects articular processes
97
intervertebral discs
symphyses solid joint that connects adjacent vertebra
98
annulus fibrosus
ring of fibrocartilage that limits rotation btwn vertebrae
99
nucleus pulposus
gelatinous center of disc that absorbs compression forces
100
function of vertebral ligaments
Resist excessive motion of the spinal column and some serve as muscle attachment sites
101
where are the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
course along vertebral bodies
102
role of anterior longitudinal ligaments
prevent hyperextension of the vertebral column
103
role of posterior longitudinal ligaments
prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column
104
where are the ligamentum flavum
connects lamina of adjacent vertebrae
105
role of ligamentum flavum
resists separation of laminae in flexion
106
supraspinous ligament
connects adjacent vertebral spines
107
ligamentum nuchae
Thickened extension of supraspinous and interspinous ligaments
108
role of ligamentum nuchae
resists flexion of the head
109
interspinous ligaments
pass btwn adjacent spinous processes
110
3 layers of back musculature
superficial/appendicular
intermediate/respiratory
deep/intrinsic
111
muscles in the superficial layer of the back
```
Trapezius
latissimus dorsi
levator scapulae
rhomboid minor
rhomboid major
```
112
what do the muscles in the superficial layer of the back act on?
scapula
| humerus
113
muscles of the intermediate layer of the back
serratus posterior superior
| serratus posterior inferior
114
function of the serratus posterior superior
elevates superior ribs
115
function of the serratus posterior inferior
depresses inferior ribs
116
innervation of the serratus posterior superior
anterior rami of the upper thoracic spinal nerves
117
innervation of the serratus posterior inferior
anterior rami of lower thoracic spinal nerve
118
spinotransversales muscles
splenius capitis
| splenius cervicis
119
proximal attachment of the splenius capitis
ligamentum nuchae
| spinous processes C7-T4
120
proximal attachment of the splenius cervicis
spinous processes T3-T6
121
distal attachment of the splenius capitis
mastoid process
| skull
122
distal attachment of the splenius cervicis
transverse processes of C1-C3
123
innervation of the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis
posterior rami of the cervical spinal nerves
124
function of the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis
extend head and neck
| rotation of head
125
largest group of intrinsic back muscles
erector spinae
126
muscles of the erector spinae
iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis
127
lateral muscle of the erector spinae
iliocostalis
128
intermediate muscle of the erector spinae
longissimus
129
medial muscle of the erector spinae
spinalis
130
innervation of the erector spinae muscles
posterior rami of the spinal nerves
131
function of the erector spinae muscles
extend trunk/spine
| flex trunk
132
3 groups of the transversospinales
semispinalis
multifidus
rotatores
133
superficial muscle of the transversospinales
semispinales
134
intermediate muscle of the transversospinales
multifidus
135
deep muscle of the transversospinales
rotatores
136
function of mutifidus and rotatores
trunk extension
| contralateral trunk rotation
137
how do the transversospinales muscles run?
obliquely upward and medially from transverse processes to spinous processes
138
spinal cord length
extends from foramen magnum to L1-L2
139
conus medullaris
terminal end of spinal cord
| cone shaped
140
2 enlargements of the spinal cord
cervical
| lumbosacral
141
cervical enlargement of the spinal cord
C5-T1
| supplies upper extremity
142
lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord
L1-S3
| supplies lower extremity
143
cauda equina
extension of lumbar and sacral nerves
144
spinal meninges
tissue layers that protect the spinal cord
145
dura mater
outermost meningeal membrane
146
arachnoid mater
thin, delicate membrane deep to the dura mater
147
pia mater
vascular membrane that firmly adheres to the surface of the spinal cord
148
denticulate ligaments
anchor spinal cord to superficial meningeal layers
149
filum terminale
extension of pia mater that connects the spinal cord to the coccyx
150
role of filum terminale
provides tension to stabilize the spinal cord
151
2 meningeal spaces
epidural
| subarachnoid
152
epidural space
located btwn periosteum lining vertebral canal and dura mater
153
subarachnoid space
located btwn arachnoid and pia mater
| contains CSF
154
where do sensory/afferent neurons enter the spinal cord?
dorsal/posterior gray matter
155
where are cell bodies of sensory neurons in the spinal cord?
dorsal root ganglia
156
where do motor/efferent neurons enter the spinal cord?
anterior/ventral gray matter
157
where are cell bodies of motor neurons in the spinal cord?
ventral gray matter
158
spinal nerve
1 sensory and 1 motor root
159
what do anterior rami supply?
postcranial muscles
160
what do posterior rami supply?
intrinsic back muscles
161
spinal nerves C1-C7 are named for ___
vertebra below them
162
spinal nerves T1 and caudal are named for ___
vertebra above them
163
anterior spinal artery supplies ___
anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord
164
posterior spinal arteries supply ___
posterior 1/3 of the spinal cord
165
what does the anterior spinal artery branch from?
a convergence of vertebral arteries
166
what do the posterior spinal arteries branch from?
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
167
how does the anterior spinal artery travel?
along the anterior median fissure
168
how do the posterior spinal arteries travel?
along the posterolateral sulci
169
what kind of joint is the hip joint?
synovial
| ball and socket
170
movements of the hip joint
```
flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
internal rotation
external rotation
```
171
what kind of joint is the knee joint?
synovial
172
tibiofemoral joint
articulation btwn medial and lateral femoral condyles and medial and lateral tibial condyles
173
patellofemoral joint
articulation btwn the patella and distal femur
174
predominant movements of the knee joint
flexion
| extension
175
what kind of joint is the ankle joint?
synovial
176
ankle joint
distal tibia and fibula articulate with talus
177
main motions of the ankle joint
dorsiflexion
| plantarflexion
178
intertarsal joints
btwn tarsal bones
179
movements of the intertarsal joints
inversion
| eversion
180
tarsometatarsal joints
btwn tarsals and metatarsals
181
movements of the tarsometatarsal joints
inversion
| eversion
182
metatarsophalangeal joints
btwn metatarsals and phalanges
183
movements of the metatarsophalangeal joints
abduction
adduction
flexion
extension
184
interphalangeal joints
btwn phalanges
185
movements of the interphalangeal joints
flexion
| extension
186
femoral artery is a continuation of the ___
external iliac artery
187
superior and inferior gluteal arteries are branches of the ___
internal iliac artery
188
the obturator artery is a branch of the ___
internal iliac artery
189
contents of the superficial fascia
fat
cutaneous nerves
superficial veins
190
great saphenous vein
largest superficial vein in the lower extremity
191
course of the great saphenous vein
ascends along the medial aspect and drains into the deep femoral vein into the anterior thigh
192
fascia lata
deep fascia of the thigh
193
iliotibial band
thickening of the fascia lata
194
muscles of the anterior thigh
psoas major
iliacus
quadriceps femoris
sartorius
195
attachment of the psoas major
lumbar vertebra to lesser trochanter
196
innervation of the psoas major
upper lumbar spinal nerves
197
attachment of the iliacus
iliac fossa to lesser trochanter
198
innervation of the iliacus
femoral nerve
199
movement of the iliopsoas
strong hip flexor
200
quadriceps femoris
4 headed femoral muscle
201
muscles of the quadriceps femoris
rectus femoris
vastus medialis
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
202
attachment of the rectus femoris
AIIS to tibial tuberosity
203
movement of the rectus femoris
hip flexion
204
vastus medialis attachment
intertrochanteric line and linea aspera to tibial tuberosity
205
vastus lateralis attachment
greater trochanter and linea aspera to tibial tuberosity
206
vastus intermedius attachment
anterior femoral shaft to tibial tuberosity
207
innervation of the quadriceps femoris
femoral nerve
208
movement of the quadriceps femoris
knee extension
209
sartorius attachment
ASIS to proximal tibia
210
sartorius innervation
femoral nerve
211
sartorius movement
hip flexion
abduction
external/lateral rotation
knee rotation
212
____ innervates the anterior thigh muscles
femoral nerve
213
how does the femoral nerve enter the lower extremity?
passes deep to the inguinal ligament
214
muscles of the medial thigh
```
pectineus
adductor longus
adductor brevis
gracilis
adductor magnus
```
215
pectineus attachment
pubic bone to pectineal line
216
pectineus innervation
femoral and obturator nerves
217
pectineus movement
hip adduction
218
adductor longus attachment
pubic bone to linea aspera
219
adductor longus innervation
obturator nerve
220
adductor longus movement
hip adduction
221
adductor brevis location
deep to adductor longus
222
adductor brevis attachment
pubic bone to linea aspera
223
adductor brevis innervation
obturator nerve
224
adductor brevis movement
hip adduction
225
gracilis attachment
pubic bone to proximal tibia
226
gracilis innervation
obturator nerve
227
gracilis movement
hip adduction
| knee flexion
228
adductor magnus attachment
pelvis to linea aspera and adductor tubercle
229
adductor magnus innervation
obturator and tibial nerve
230
adductor magnus movement
hip adduction
231
how does the obturator nerve enter the lower extremity?
passes thru obturator canal
232
muscles of the posterior thigh
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
biceps femoris
233
semitendinosus attachment
ischial tuberosity to proximal tibia
234
semitendinosus innervation
tibial nerve
235
semitendinosus movement
hip extension
| knee flexion
236
semimembranosus attachment
ischial tuberosity to proximal tibia
237
semimembranosus innervation
tibial nerve
238
semimembranosus movement
hip extension
| knee flexion
239
long head of biceps femoris attachment
ischial tuberosity to fibular head
240
long head of biceps femoris innervation
tibial nerve
241
long head of biceps femoris movement
hip extension
| knee flexion
242
short head of biceps femoris attachment
linea aspera to fibular head
243
short head of biceps femoris innervation
common fibular nerve
244
short head of biceps femoris movement
knee flexion
245
tibial nerve is a branch of ___
sciatic nerve
246
common fibular nerve is a branch of the ___
sciatic nerve
247
what does the tibial nerve innervate?
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
long head of biceps femoris
248
what does the common fibular nerve innervate?
short head of the biceps femoris
249
where does the femoral nerve originate?
lumbar plexus
250
where does the obturator nerve originate?
lumbar plexus
251
major source of blood supply to the thigh
femoral artery and its branches
252
muscles in the gluteal region
```
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor of fascia lata
piriformis
superior gemellus
obturator internus
inferior gemellus
quadratus femoris
```
253
gluteus maximus attachment
pelvis to gluteal tuberosity
254
gluteus maximus innervation
inferior gluteal nerve
255
gluteus maximus movement
hip extension
| external/lateral rotation
256
gluteus medius attachment
pelvis to greater trochanter
257
gluteus medius innervation
superior gluteal nerve
258
gluteus medius movement
hip abduction
259
gluteus minimus attachment
pelvis to greater trochanter
260
gluteus minimus innervation
superior gluteal nerve
261
gluteus minimus movement
hip abduction
262
tensor of fascia lata attachment
pelvis to iliotibial band
263
tensor of fascia lata innervation
superior gluteal nerve
264
tensor of fascia lata movement
hip abduction
265
piriformis attachment
pelvis to femur
266
superior gemellus attachment
pelvis to femur
267
obturator internus attachment
pelvis to femur
268
inferior gemellus attachment
pelvis to femur
269
quadratus femoris attachment
pelvis to femur
270
piriformis movement
hip external/lateral rotation
271
superior gemellus movement
hip external/lateral rotation
272
obturator internus movement
hip external/lateral rotation
273
inferior gemellus movement
hip external/lateral rotation
274
quadratus femoris movement
hip external/lateral rotation
275
what does the inferior gluteal nerve innervate?
motor to gluteus maximus
276
what does the superior gluteal nerve innervate?
motor to gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia lata
277
what are the 2 branches of the internal iliac artery that supply the gluteal region?
superior and inferior gluteal arteries
278
muscles of the posterior leg
```
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
flexor hallucis longus
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
popliteus
```
279
muscles in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
280
gastrocnemius attachment
medial and lateral femoral condyles to calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon
281
gastrocnemius innervation
tibial nerve
282
gastrocnemius movement
knee flexion
| plantarflexion
283
soleus attachment
fibula and tibia to calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon
284
soleus innervation
tibial nerve
285
soleus movement
plantarflexion
286
plantaris innervation
tibial nerve
287
muscles of the deep posterior compartment of the leg
flexor hallucis longus
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
popliteus
288
flexor hallucis longus attachment
fibula to distal phalanx of great toe
289
flexor hallucis longus innervation
tibial nerve
290
flexor hallucis longus movement
flexes 1st digit
| plantaflexion
291
tibialis posterior attachment
fibula and tibia to tarsal and metarsal
292
tibialis posterior innervation
tibial nerve
293
tibialis posterior movement
plantarflexion
| inversion
294
flexor digitorum longus attachment
tibia to distal phalanx of digits 2-5
295
flexor digitorum longus innervtion
tibial nerve
296
flexor digitorum longus movement
flexes digits 2-5
| plantarflexion
297
popliteus innervation
tibial nerve
298
what innervates the posterior leg?
tibial nerve
299
muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg
fibularis longus
| fibularis brevis
300
fibularis longus attachment
proximal fibula to medial tarsal and metatarsal
301
fibularis longus innervation
superficial fibular nerve
302
fibularis longus movement
eversion
| plantarflexion
303
fibularis brevis attachment
distal fibula to 5th metatarsal
304
fibularis brevis innervation
superficial fibular nerve
305
fibularis brevis movement
eversion
| plantarflexion
306
what is the innervation of the lateral leg?
superficial fibular nerve that branches off the common fibular nerve
307
muscles of the anterior leg
tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitorum longus
308
tibialis anterior attachment
tibia to medial tarsal and metatarsal
309
tibialis anterior innervtion
deep fibular nerve
310
tibialis anterior movement
dorsiflexion
| inversion
311
extensor hallucis longus attachment
fibula to distal phalanx of great toe
312
extensor hallucis longus innervation
deep fibular nerve
313
extensor hallucis longus movement
dorsiflexion
| extends great toe
314
extensor digitorum longus attachment
tibia and fibula to distal phalanx of toes 2-5
315
extensor digitorum longus innervation
deep fibular nerve
316
extensor digitorum longus movement
dorsiflexion
| extends toes 2-5
317
what innervates the anterior leg?
deep fibular nerve that branches off the common fibular nerve
318
what does the popliteal artery bifurcate into?
anterior and posterior tibial arteries
319
plantar fascia
superficial structure on the plantar aspect of the foot
320
plantar fascia attachment
calcaneus to proximal phalanx of digits 1-5
321
functions of the plantar fascia
- Heel strike to midstance absorbs loads imposed by body weight
- Mid-stance to push off contributes to the rigid nature of the foot during push off
322
muscles in layer 1 of the foot
abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi
323
muscles in layer 2 of the foot
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
lumbricals
quadratus plantar
324
muscles in layer 3 of the foot
flexor hallucis brevis
flexor digiti minimi brevis
adductor hallucis
325
muscles in layer 4 of the foot
3 plantar interossei
4 dorsal interossei
peroneus longus tendon
posterior tibialis tendon
326
what do the supraclavicular branches of the brachial plexus supply?
dorsal and medial scapula
327
what do the infraclavicular branches of the brachial plexus supply?
pectoral region and ventral scapula
328
nerves from the brachial plexus
```
supraclavicular branches
infraclavicular branches
axillary
radial
musculocutaneous
median
ulnar
```
329
brachium
arm
330
what is the role of the anterior region of the arm?
flexor
331
what is the role of the posterior region of the arm?
extensor
332
antebrachium
forearm
333
what innervates all muscles that have an action on the upper extremity?
nerves from the brachial plexus
| C5-T1
334
what part of the arm does the axillary nerve supply?
proximal arm
335
what part of the arm does the radial nerve supply?
posterior arm
| posterior forearm
336
what part of the arm does the musculocutaneous nerve supply?
anterior arm
337
what part of the arm does the medial nerve supply?
ANTERIOR FOREARM
| hand
338
what part of the arm does the ulnar nerve supply?
anterior forearm
| HAND
339
At the inferior border of the teres major, the axillary artery changes names to the ___
brachial artery
340
At the level of the elbow, the brachial artery divides into?
radial artery
| ulnar artery
341
what is the ulnar artery the main supply for?
superficial palmar arch
342
what is the radial artery the main supply for?
deep palmar arch
343
what is the vein on the lateral side of the of the hand?
cephalic vein
344
what is the vein on the medial side of the of the hand?
basilic vein
345
what is the communication between the cephalic and basilic veins?
median cubital vein
346
what do the basilic and cephalic veins drain into?
axillary vein
347
articular components of the sternoclavicular joint?
sternal end of the clavicle
| manubrium of sternum
348
sternoclavicular joint joint type
modified saddle synovial joint
349
sternoclavicular joint associated structures
fibrocartilage disc
350
role of sternoclavicular joint disc
creates a bed for the end of the clavicle
| transmits force and pressure from extremity to axial skeleton
351
sternoclavicular joint movements
elevation/depression
| protraction/retraction
352
Acromioclavicular joint articular components
acromial end of clavicle
| acromion process of scapula
353
Acromioclavicular joint joint type
plane type synovial joint
354
Acromioclavicular joint associated structures
fibrocartilage disc
355
Acromioclavicular joint movements
gliding between clavicle and scapula
356
Glenohumoral joint articular components
humeral head
| glenoid fossa
357
Glenohumoral joint joint type
ball and socket synovial joint
358
Glenohumoral joint movements
flexion/extension
abduction/adduction
internal/external rotation
359
the glenoid fossa is __ the size of the humeral head
1/3
360
role of glenoid labrum
contributes to the stability of the Glenohumoral joint
361
glenoid labrum
fibrocartilaginous ring that deepens the glenoid fossa
362
Scapulothoracic joint
Physiological joint in which movement occurs between musculoskeletal structures
363
scapulohumeral rhythm
Motion available to the glenohumeral joint alone would not account for the full range of motion observed at the humerus
The remainder of motion is contributed by the scapulothoracic joint
the scapula rotates to maintain the relationship btwn articular surfaces
364
how many degrees can the GH joint abduct?
0-30
365
extrinsic posterior superficial muscles of the shoulder
trapezius
| latissimus dorsi
366
extrinsic posterior deep muscles of the shoulder
Levator Scapulae
Rhomboid Major
Rhomboid minor
367
trapezius attachments
```
superior nuchal line
external occipital protuberance
spinous processes of C7-T12
scapula spine
acromion
lateral 1/3 clavicle
```
368
upper trapezius movement
elevates and upwardly rotates scapula
369
middle trapezius movement
adducts scapula
370
lower trapezius movements
depresses and upwardly rotates scapula
371
trapezius innervation
CN XI- spinal accessory nerve
372
latissimus dorsi attachments
spinous process T7-T12
iliac crest
ribs 9-12
intertubercular groove of humerus
373
latissimus dorsi movement
shoulder extension
adduction
internal rotation
374
latissimus dorsi innervation
thoracodorsal nerve
375
Levator scapulae attachments
transverse processes of C1-C4
| superior medial border of scapula
376
Levator scapulae movement
elevates and downwardly rotates scapula
377
Levator scapulae innervation
dorsal scapular nerve
378
Rhomboid minor attachments
spinous processes C7 and T1
| medial scapular border at the level of roor of scapular spine
379
Rhomboid major attachments
spinous processes T2-T5
| medial scapular border from level of spine to inferior angle
380
Rhomboid minor and major movement
adduct/retract and downwardly rotate scapula
381
Rhomboid minor and major innervation
dorsal scapular nerve
382
boundaries of triangle of auscultation
latissimus dorsi
trapezius
medial border of scapula
383
extrinsic anterior muscles of the shoulder
– Pectoralis Major
– Pectoralis Minor
– Serratus Anterior
– Subclavius
384
Pectoralis Major attachments
clavicular head- medial half of clavicle
sternocostal head- anterior sternum, upper 6 costal cartilages
intertubercular groove of humerus
385
Pectoralis Major movement
adducts and medially rotates the humerus
386
Pectoralis Major innervation
lateral and medial pectoral nerves
387
Pectoralis Minor attachments
ribs 3-5
| coracoid process of scapula
388
Pectoralis Minor movement
stabilizes scapula
389
Pectoralis Minor innervation
medial pectoral nerve
390
Serratus anterior attachments
external surfaces of lateral parts of ribs 1-8
| anterior surface of medial border of scapula
391
Serratus anterior movement
protracts and upwardly rotates the scapula
| holds scapula against thoracic wall
392
Serratus anterior innervation
long thoracic nerve
393
Subclavius attachments
junction of 1st rib and costal cartilage
| inferior surface of medial 3rd of clavicle
394
Subclavius movement
anchors and depresses clavicle
395
Subclavius innervation
nerve to Subclavius
396
intrinsic muscles of the shoulder
```
Coracobrachialis
Deltoid
Teres Major
Teres Minor
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
```
397
Coracobrachialis attachments
tip of coracoid process
| medial, middle third of humerus
398
Coracobrachialis movement
flex and adduct shoulder
399
Coracobrachialis innervation
musculocutaneous nerve
400
Deltoid attachments
scapula spine
acromion
lateral third of clavicle
deltoid tuberosity of humerus
401
anterior Deltoid action
shoulder flexion
402
middle Deltoid action
shoulder abduction
403
posterior Deltoid action
shoulder extensions
404
Deltoid innervation
axillary nerve
405
Teres major attachments
inferior lateral aspect of posterior surface of scapula
| intertubercular groove of humerus
406
Teres major action
shoulder medial/internal rotation
407
Teres major innervation
lower subscapular nerve
408
rotator cuff muscles
supraspinatus
infraspinatus teres minor
subscapularis
409
Teres minor attachments
middle part of lateral border of scapula
| greater tubercle
410
Teres minor movements
shoulder lateral/external rotation
411
Teres minor innervation
axillary nerve
412
Supraspinatus attachments
supraspinous fossa
| greater tubercle
413
Supraspinatus movement
shoulder abduction
414
Supraspinatus innervation
suprascapular nerve
415
Infraspinatus attachments
infraspinous fossa
| greater tubercle
416
Infraspinatus movement
shoulder lateral/external rotation
417
Infraspinatus innervation
suprascapular nerve
418
Subscapularis attachments
subscapular fossa
| lesser tubercle
419
Subscapularis movement
shoulder medial/internal rotation
420
Subscapularis innervation
upper subscapular nerve and lower subscapular nerve
421
role of rotator cuff muscles
maintain GH stability
| maintain humerus centered within glenoid fossa
422
what kind of joint is the humeroulnar joint?
hinge
423
humeroulnar joint movement
felxion/extension
424
what kind of joint is the humeroradial joint?
modified hinge
425
humeroradial joint movement
flexion/extension
| supination/pronation
426
what kind of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint?
pivot
427
proximal radioulnar movement
supination/pronation
428
where is the annular ligament?
encircles the head of the radius
429
role of the annular ligament
holds the head of the radius against the ulna
protects against distal dislocation of the radius
increases stability
430
lateral collateral ligament attachments
lateral epicondyle to annular ligament of radius
431
another name for the lateral collateral ligament
radial collateral ligament
432
lateral collateral ligament role
protects against medial deviation of forearm
433
another name for the medial collateral ligament
ulnar collateral ligament
434
medial collateral ligament attachment
medial epicondyle of humerus to coronoid process and olecranon process
435
medial collateral ligament role
protects against lateral deviation of forearm
436
what is tommy john surgery?
UCL reconstruction
437
what nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the arm?
musculocutaneous
438
short head of biceps brachii attachments
coracoid process of the scapula
| radius via bicipital aponeurosis
439
long head of biceps brachii attachments
supraglenoid tubercle
| radius via bicipital aponeurosis
440
biceps brachii movements
elbow flexion
forearm supination
weak shoulder flexion
441
biceps brachii innervation
musculocutaneous nerve
442
brachialis attachments
distal anterior humerus
| coronoid process of the ulna
443
brachialis movement
flexes forearm
444
brachialis innervation
musculocutaneous nerve
445
what innervates the posterior compartment of the arm?
radial nerve
446
long head of triceps brachii attachments
infraglenoid tubercle
| olecranon of ulna
447
lateral headof triceps brachii attachments
posterior superior humerus
| olecranon of ulna
448
medial head of triceps brachii attachments
posterior inferior humerus
| olecranon of ulna
449
triceps brachii movement
extend elbow
| extension shoulder
450
innervation of triceps brachii
radial nerve
451
anconeus attachments
lateral epicondyle of humerus
| olecranon of ulna
452
anconeus movement
extends forearm
453
anconeus innervation
radial nerve
454
brachioradialis attachments
lateral portion of distal humerus
| lateral distal radius
455
brachioradialis movement
flexes elbow
456
brachioradialis innervation
radial nerve
457
supinator attachments
lateral epicondyle of humerus and proximal ulna
| proximal radius
458
supinator movement
supinates forearm
459
supinator innervation
radial nerve
460
pronator teres attachments
coronoid process and medial epicondyle
| lateral surface of radius
461
pronator teres movement
pronates and flexes forearm
462
pronator teres innervation
median nerve
463
pronator quadratus attachments
distal anterior ulna
| distal anterior radius
464
pronator quadratus movement
pronates forearm
465
pronator quadratus innervation
median nerve
466
radiocarpal joint articulations
distal radius
| proximal carpals
467
radiocarpal joint joint type
condyloid
468
radiocarpal joint movements
wrist flexion/extension
| wrist abduction/adduction
469
midcarpal joint articulations
proximal and distal row of carpal bones
470
midcarpal joint joint type
plane synovial joint
471
midcarpal joint movements
gliding motions between carpals
472
distal radioulnar joint articulations
distal end of radius and ulna
473
distal radioulnar joint joint type
pivot synovial joint
474
distal radioulnar joint movement
supination/pronation
475
Colles fracture
distal radius fracture with dorsal displacement of the distal fragment from a fall on an outstretched arm
476
how does wrist abduction occur?
result of contraction of both the flexor and extensors on the radial side of the forearm
477
how does wrist adduction occur?
result of contraction of both the flexor and extensors on the ulnar side of the forearm
478
extensor and flexor retinaculum
stabilizing ligaments of the carpal bones
479
what creates the carpal tunnel?
curved carpal bones
| flexor retinaculum
480
extensor compartment of the wrist attachments
lateral epicondyle of humerus
| base of metacarpals
481
extensor compartment of the wrist action
wrist extension
482
extensor compartment of the wrist innervation
radial nerve
483
lateral epicondylitis
Repeated forceful flexion and extension of the wrist may strain the attachment of the common extensor tendon, producing inflammation of the periosteum of the lateral epicondyle
484
flexor compartment of the wrist attachments
medial epicondyle of humerus
| base of metacarpals
485
flexor compartment of the wrist action
wrist flexion
486
flexor compartment of the wrist innervation
median and ulnar nerves
487
palmaris longus attachments
medial epicondyle of humerus
| fascia of palm
488
palmaris longus movement
tenses fascia of palm
489
palmaris longus innervation
median nerve
490
at what joints does flexion/extension occur at in digits 2-5?
MP
PIP
DIP
491
at what joints does abduction/adduction occur at in digits 2-5?
MP
492
at what joint does adduction/abduction occur at in the thumb?
CMC
493
at what joint does flexion/extension occur at in the thumb?
CMC
MP
IP
494
at what joint does opposition occur at in the thumb?
CMC
495
what is opposition?
combo of abduction and flexion
496
what are the main movements of the extrinsic digit flexors?
grasping --> non manipulative prehension patterns
497
flexor digitorum superficialis attchments
medial epicondyle
| middle phalanx of digits 2-5
498
flexor digitorum superficialis movement
flexes PIP
499
flexor digitorum superficialis innervation
median and ulnar nerves
500
flexor digitorum profundus attachments
proximal ulna
| distal phalanx of digits 2-5
501
flexor digitorum profundus movement
flexes DIP
502
flexor digitorum profundus innervation
ulnar nerve
503
what innervates the extensor digitorum, extensor indicis proprius, and extensor digiti minimi?
radial nerve
504
extrinsic muscles of the thumb
Flexor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis longus and brevis
Abductor pollicis longus
505
borders of the anatomical snuffbox
Extensor pollicis longus and brevis
| Abductor pollicis longus
506
what are the main motions of the intrinsic hand muscles?
fine motor --> manipulative prehension patterns
507
what innervates the hypothenar group of muscles?
ulnar nerve
508
what innervates the thenar group of muscles?
median nerve
509
lumbricals attachments
flexor tendons in palm
| dorsum of proximal phalanges
510
lumbricals movement
flex MP
| extend PIP/DIP
511
lumbricals innervation
median and ulnar nerves
512
interossei attachemnts
metacarpals to adjacent proximal phalanges
513
dorsal interossei movement
abduction at MP joint
514
interossei innervation
ulnar nerve
515
palmar interossei movement
adduction at MP joint
516
how many dorsal interossei
4
517
how many palmar interossei
3
518
what nerve supplies sensory innervation to the dorsal digits 1-3?
radial nerve
519
what nerve supplies sensory innervation to the palmar digits 1-3 and half of 4?
median nerve
520
what nerve supplies sensory innervation to the front and back of the 5th digit and half of the 4th?
ulnar nerve
521
what causes carpal tunnel?
swelling of the tendons in the tunnel compresses the median nerve
