HBS Exam 3- Head and Neck Flashcards
(340 cards)
1
Q
CN I
A
olfactory
2
Q
CN II
A
optic
3
Q
CN III
A
oculomotor
4
Q
CN IV
A
trochlear
5
Q
CN V
A
trigeminal
6
Q
CN VI
A
abducens
7
Q
CN VII
A
facial
8
Q
CN VIII
A
vestibulocochlear
9
Q
CN IX
A
glossophayngeal
10
Q
CN X
A
vagus
11
Q
CN XI
A
accessory
12
Q
CN XII
A
hypoglossal
13
Q
CN I cranial exit
A
cribiform plate
14
Q
CN II cranial exit
A
optic canal
15
Q
CN III cranial exit
A
superior orbital fissure
16
Q
CN IV cranial exit
A
superior orbital fissure
17
Q
CN V cranial exit V1
A
superior orbital fissure
18
Q
CN V cranial exit V2
A
foramen rotundom
19
Q
CN V cranial exit V3
A
foramen ovale
20
Q
CN VI cranial exit
A
superior orbital fissure
21
Q
CN VII cranial exit
A
enters skull via internal acoustic meatus
22
Q
CN VIII cranial exit
A
enters skull via internal acoustic meatus
doesn’t exit skull
23
Q
CN IX cranial exit
A
jugular foramen
24
Q
CN X cranial exit
A
jugular foramen
25
CN XI cranial exit
jugular foramen
26
CN XII cranial exit
hypoglossal canal
27
CN I category
sensory
28
CN II category
sensory
29
CN III category
motor
30
CN IV category
motor
31
CN V category
sensory
| motor
32
CN VI category
motor
33
CN VII category
sensory
| motor
34
CN VIII category
sensory
35
CN IX category
sensory
| motor
36
CN X category
sensory
| motor
37
CN XI category
motor
38
CN XII category
motor
39
CN I functions
smell
40
CN II functions
vision
41
CN III functions
```
Motor to four muscles that move eye
Eye accommodation (focusing) and constriction
```
42
CN IV functions
Motor to superior oblique muscle (eye movement)
43
CN V functions
General sensation from face (V1: superior face;
V2: middle face; V3: inferior face)
Motor to muscles of mastication (via V3)
44
CN VI functions
Motor to lateral rectus muscle (eye movement)
45
CN VII functions
Motor to muscles of facial expression;
Taste from palate and anterior 2/3 of tongue
Stimulate lacrimal glands (tears) and 2/3 of salivary glands
46
CN VIII functions
hearing
| balance
47
CN IX functions
Motor to stylopharyngeus muscle (a muscle in the
pharynx)
Taste from posterior tongue and vallate papillae.
Poorly localized general sensation (pain, temperature,
touch and pressure) from the posterior part of the tongue
& pharynx
Stimulate 1/3 of salivary glands
48
CN X functions
Poorly localized general sensation (pain, temperature,
touch, and pressure) in the lining of the larynx and upper
esophagus.
Motor innervation to striated muscles of the palate,
larynx, pharynx, and upper esophagus
49
CN XI functions
Motor to trapezius & sternocleidomastoid muscles
50
CN XII functions
Motor to muscles of tongue
51
kissing muscles
obicularis oris
buccinator
mentalis
52
what 7 bones form the cranium/calvaria?
```
frontal
2 parietal
occipital
2 temporal
sphenoid
```
53
what 8 bones form the facial skeleton
```
Ethmoid
Lacrimal
Nasal
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Palatine
```
54
what forms the lateral walls of the skull?
2 temporal bones
55
what separates the left and right nasal cavity?
vomer
56
what bone contributes to the nasal, orbit, and and oral cavities?
palatine
57
sutures
fibrous joints of the skull that don’t allow movement
58
4 main sutures of the skull
Sagittal suture
Coronal suture
Lambdoid suture
Squamous suture
59
lambda
where lambdoid and sagittal sutures meet
60
bregma
anatomical point on the skull at which the coronal suture is intersected perpendicularly by the sagittal suture
61
what passageways of the skull are seen on anterior view
```
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Supraorbital foramen
Infraorbital foramen
Mental foramen
```
62
what passageways of the skull are seen on inferior view
```
foramen magnum
jugular foramen
carotid canal
foramen ovale
foramen rotundum
foramen spinosum
foramen lacerum
```
63
what runs through the foramen magnum?
spinal cord
64
what runs through the jugular foramen?
sigmoid sinus
65
where is the jugular foramen?
between occipital and temporal bones
66
where is the foramen ovale?
in the sphenoid bone
67
where is the foramen rotundum?
in the sphenoid bone
68
what runs through the foramen rotundum?
CN V
69
where is the foramen spinosum?
sphenoid bone
70
what passageways of the skull are seen on lateral view
external acoustic meatus
71
what is in the internal region of the head?
brain, cranial meninges, inner table of skull
72
how does the brain receive blood?
2 paired systems: carotid and subclavian which communicate through the circle of willis
73
what structures are located at the carotid bifurcation?
carotid body
| carotid sinus
74
carotid body
chemoR sensitive to O2, CO2, temp
75
carotid sinus
baroR sensitive to BP changes
76
what innervates the carotid body and sinus?
glossopharyngeal nerve
77
carotid sheath
Fascial sheath through which the carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve pass vertically through the neck
78
branches of the external carotid artery
```
superior thyroid
ascending pharyngeal
lingual
facial
occipital
posterior auricular
maxillary
superficial temporal
```
79
where does the transverse facial artery come from?
superficial temporal from external carotid
80
how does the maxillary artery travel?
medially across the infratemporal fossa
81
where is the occipital artery?
back of head
82
where is the lingual artery?
tongue
83
what does the ascending pharyngeal artery supply?
sides of pharynx
84
how does the internal carotid artery travel?
superiorly within the carotid sheath to the base of the skull and passes through a canal in the bond to emerge into the middle cranial fossa
85
what do branches of the internal carotid artery supply?
eye, orbit, forehead and much of cerebrum
86
4 parts of internal carotid artery
cervical
petrous
cavernous
cerebral
87
what 2 branches form the termination of the internal carotid artery?
anterior cerebral
| middle cerebral- larger
88
what does the anterior cerebral artery supply?
medial aspects of the anterior cerebral hemispheres
89
what does the middle cerebral artery supply?
temporal lobe, anterolateral frontal lobe, parietal lobe
90
where does the central artery of the retina travel?
optic nerve
91
what is the only artery that can be directly seen?
central artery of retina
92
what do the right and left vertebral arteries form?
basilar artery
93
what does the basilar artery divide into?
right and left posterior cerebral arteries
94
2 layers of dura mater
outer- periosteal
| inner- meningeal
95
epidural space
btwn dura and bone
96
epidural hematoma
Artery between dura and skull breaks and bleeds into the epidural space
Periosteal dura is slowly pushed away from bone → characteristic lens shaped defect
97
subdural space
btwn dura and arachnoid
98
subdural hematoma
Low pressure venous bleeding from bridging veins
Dissects arachnoid away from dura
Brain shift away from bleed and ventricles may appear compressed
99
subarachnoid space
btwn arachnoid and pia
100
subarachnoid hemorrhage
Extravasation of blood into space between pial and arachnoid membranes
Blood follows pia layer and appears diffusely through the brain
Caused by trauma or aneurysm
101
dural venous sinuses
endothelium-lined channels in the spaces where the layers of the dura diverge
102
what is the main venous structure in the neck?
internal jugular vein
103
how does the IJV originate?
as a continuation of the S-shaped sigmoid (dural) sinus
104
where does the IJV terminate?
superior to the sternoclavicular joint
| Unites with subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein
105
what overlies the IJV?
sternocleidomastoid muscle
106
face
anterior aspect of the head in between the eyebrow and chin, base of mandible from ear to ear
107
scalp
covers the superior, lateral and posterior of the calvaria
108
layers of scalp
```
skin
CT
aponeurosis
loose areolar tissue
periosteum
```
109
aponeurosis of scalp
Thin tendinous sheet connects the occipital and frontal bellies of occipitofrontalis muscle
110
loose areolar tissue of scalp function
Allows movement of scalp proper
| Contains emissary veins
111
Occipitofrontalis muscle function
moves scalp, wrinkles forehead, raises eyebrow
112
Occipitofrontalis muscle innervation
CN VII
113
Occipitofrontalis muscle arterial supply
branches of internal carotid artery and external carotid artery
114
muscles in orbital facial group
orbicularis oculi
| corrugator supercilii
115
Orbicularis oculi orbital region function
forcefully closes eyelid
116
Orbicularis oculi palpebral region function
gently closes eyelid
117
Orbicularis oculi innervation
CN VII
118
Corrugator supercilii function
move eyebrows medially and downward
119
Corrugator supercilii innervation
CN VII
120
muscles in nasal facial group
nasalis
procerus
depressor septi
121
transverse nasalis function
compresses nasal aperture
122
alar nasalis function
opens nostril
123
nasalis innervation
CN VII
124
procerus function
moves medial eyebrows downward
| makes transverse wrinkles over the bridge of the nose
125
proceurs nerves
CN VII
126
depressor septi function
pulls nose inferiorly
127
depressor septi innervation
CN VII
128
what innervates the kissing muscles?
CN VII
129
orbicularis oris function
Closes lips
| protrudes lips
130
buccinator function
Compresses cheeks
| pressing cheeks against teeth
131
mentalis function
Raises and protrudes lower lip and wrinkles skin on chin
132
muscles of smiling
LLSAN
levator labii superioris
Zygomaticus major and minor
Levator anguli oris
133
LLSAN position
most medial
134
LLSAN function
lift upper lip
| open nostrils
135
LLSAN innervation
CN VII
136
Levator labii superioris postition
lateral to LLSAN
137
Levator labii superioris function
lift upper lip
138
Levator labii superioris innervation
CN VII
139
what muscle causes bunny lines?
LLSAN
140
Zygomaticus major and minor innervation
CN VII
141
Zygomaticus major function
helps smile
| raises corner of mouth
142
Zygomaticus minor function
helps smile
143
Levator anguli oris function
raises corner of mouth
144
Levator anguli oris innervation
CN VII
145
Depressor anguli oris function
depresses corners of mouth
146
Depressor anguli oris innervation
CN VII
147
Depressor labii inferioris function
depresses lower lip
148
Depressor labii inferioris innervation
CN VII
149
Risorius function
pulls the mouth backward and outward
150
Risorius innervation
CN VII
151
main arterial supply of the face
branches external carotid artery
152
main branches of external carotid artery
facial
maxillary
superficial temporal
153
what is the mandible attached to?
mandibular fossa
154
what kind of joint is the TMJ?
synovial with articular disc
155
ligaments of the TMJ
Temporomandibular ligament- Lateral and Capsular
Stylomandibular ligament
Sphenomandibular ligament
156
functions of the ligaments of the TMJ
Prevent dislocation
Connect mandible to cranium
Define the movement border of the mandible
157
4 movements of the mandible
Protrusion
Retraction
Elevation
Depression
158
4 muscles of mastication
temporalis
masseter
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid
159
temporalis function
Elevation of mandible
| Protrudes mandible
160
masseter function
Elevation of mandible
161
medial pterygoid function
Elevation of mandible
162
lateral pterygoid function
protrusion of mandible
163
temporal fossa
fan shape at temple of the head
164
superior border of temporal fossa
superior temporal line
165
inferior border of temporal fossa
zygomatic arch
166
anterior border of temporal fossa
frontal process of zygomatic bone
| zygomatic process of the frontal bone
167
floor border of temporal fossa
frontal
parietal
temporal
sphenoid
168
contents of temporal fossa
Temporalis muscle
Branches of CNV
Branches of maxillary artery
Branches of superficial temporal artery
169
infratemporal fossa
irregular shape, inferior to temporal fossa and medial to zygomatic arch
170
superior border of infratemporal fossa
greater wing of sphenoid
171
inferior border of infratemporal fossa
medial pterygoid
172
anterior border of infratemporal fossa
posterior of maxilla
173
posterior border of infratemporal fossa
mastoid and styloid process
174
lateral border of infratemporal fossa
ramus of mandible
175
contents of infratemporal fossa
```
Inferior part of temporalis muscle
Sphenomandibular ligament
Lateral and medial pterygoid
Maxillary artery and its branches
Branches of CNV, CNVII, CNIX
Otic ganglion
```
176
external-middle ear boundary
tympanic membrane
177
middle-internal ear boundary
temporal bone
178
what is the tympanic membrane attached to?
malleus
179
role of Pharyngotympanic tube
equalizes pressure
180
role of auditory ossicles
transmit vibrations
181
3 auditory ossicles
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
182
role of stapedius
Prevents excessive oscillation
183
what composes the bony labyrinth
cochlea
vestibule
three semicircular canals
184
where is perilymph
bony labyrinth
185
where is endolymp
membranous labyrinth
186
parts of organ of balance
Semicircular canals and ducts
Utricle
Saccule
187
parts of organ of hearing
Cochlea
| cochlear duct
188
lacrimal caruncle
contains sebaceous and sweat glands
189
lacrimal papilla
small swelling near eye
190
lacrimal punctum
opening for lacrimal canal
191
where is the orbital part of lacrimal gland
lacrimal fossa in the frontal bone
192
where is the parpebral part of lacrimal gland
inferior to the levator palpebrae superioris
193
tear pathway
```
Lacrimal gland
lacrimal punctum
superior and inferior canaliculus
lacrimal sac
nasolacrimal duct
inferior meatus
```
194
7 bones that make up the orbit
```
Frontal
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Lacrimal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Palatine
```
195
what passes through the optic canal?
CNII
| Ophthalmic artery
196
what passes through the superior orbital fissure?
CN3, 4, 5, 6
| Superior ophthalmic vein
197
what passes through the inferior orbital fissure?
CN5
| Inferior ophthalmic vein
198
what passes through the ring made by the orbital muscles?
CN2, 3, 5, 6
Ophthalmic artery
Superior ophthalmic vein
199
extraocular muscles
```
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Superior oblique
inferior oblique
```
200
superior oblique extraocular attachment
medial orbital wall, hooks around trochlea, attaches to the posterior lateral side of sclera
201
inferior oblique extraocular attachment
medial side of inferior orbital wall and attaches to lateral side of the sclera
202
superior oblique muscle innervtion
CN IV
203
lateral rectus muscle innervation
CN VI
204
superior rectus innervation
CNIII
205
medial rectus innervation
CNIII
206
inferior rectus innervation
CNIII
207
inferior oblique muscle innervation
CNIII
208
superior rectus movement
looks laterally and upwards
209
inferior rectus movement
looks laterally and downwards
210
lateral rectus movement
looks laterally
211
medial rectus movement
looks medially
212
inferior oblique movement
looks medially and upwards
213
superior oblique movement
looks medially and downward
214
arterial supply to eye
Internal carotid artery → ophthalmic artery → central retinal artery
215
Central retinal artery occlusion
sudden painless loss of vision
216
what innervates the ciliary muscles?
Parasympathetic → CN3
217
ciliary muscle action
Constricts ciliary body by loosening zonular fibersLens becomes round
218
Sphincter pupillae innervation
Parasympathetic → CN3
| Short ciliary nerve
219
Sphincter pupillae action
constricts pupil
220
Dilator pupillae innervation
Sympathetic
CNV1
Long ciliary nerve
221
Dilator pupillae action
dilates pupil
222
oral vestibule
between teeth and lining of lips and cheeks
223
lateral border of oral cavity proper
teeth and gums
224
superior border of oral cavity proper
palates
225
posterior border of oral cavity proper
oropharynx
226
floor border of oral cavity proper
tongue
227
palate
roof of oral cavity proper and floor of nasal cavity
228
hard palate role
helps chew food
229
what 2 bones form the hard palate?
Palatine process of maxilla
| Palatine bone
230
3 foramina of hard palate
incisive fossa
Greater palatine foramen
lesser palatine foramen
231
what is in the incisive fossa?
nasopalatine nerve
232
what is in the greater palatine foramen?
Greater palatine nerve
| Greater palatine artery
233
what is in the lesser palatine foramen?
Lesser palatine nerve
| Lesser palatine artery
234
role of soft palate
closes nasopharynx
235
5 muscles of soft palate
```
Tensor veli palatini
Levator veli palatini
Palatopharyngeus
Palatoglossus
Musculus uvulae
```
236
Tensor veli palatini action
Tenses soft palate
| opens pharyngotympanic tube when swallowing
237
Tensor veli palatini innervation
CN V3
238
Levator veli palatini action
Elevates soft palate when swallowing
239
Levator veli palatini innervation
CN X
240
Palatopharyngeus action
Elevates larynx and pharynx
241
Palatopharyngeus innervation
CN X
242
Palatoglossus action
Elevates ⅓ of the posterior tongue
243
Palatoglossus innervation
CN X
244
Musculus uvulae action
elevates uvula
245
Musculus uvulae innervation
CN X
246
where is the buccinator?
in the cheek
247
buccinator action
Compresses cheeks and presses cheeks against teeth
248
3 major salivary glands
submandibular
sublingual
parotid
249
what passes through the parotid gland?
CNVII
external carotid artery
retromandibular vein
250
Functions of tongue:
Swallowing
Speech
Mastication
Taste
251
Sulcus terminalis
divides posterior and anterior tongue
252
which papillae have taste buds?
circumvallate
foliate
fungiform
253
which papillae have no taste buds?
filiform
254
extrinisic tongue muscles
styloglossus
genioglossus
hypoglossus
255
styloglossus action
Elevates and retracts tongue
256
styloglossus innervation
CN XII
257
genioglossus action
Depresses and protrudes tongue
258
genioglossus innervation
CN XII
259
hypoglossus action
Depresses and retracts the tongue
260
hypoglossus innervation
CN XII
261
intrinsic muscles of tongue
superior longitudinal
inferior longitudinal
transverse
vertcal
262
what innervates the intrinsic muscles of tongue?
CN XII
263
superior longitudinal tongue muscle action
shortens and curls tongue
264
inferior longitudinal tongue muscle action
Shortens and uncurls tongue
265
transverse tongue muscle action
narrows tongue
266
vertical tongue muscle action
flattens tongue
267
arterial supply to tongue
External carotid artery → lingual artery → sublingual artery → deep lingual artery
268
role of mylohyoid
supports floor of oral cavity
269
action of geniohyoid when mandible is fixed
elvates hyoid
270
action of geniohyoid when hyoid is fixed
depresses mandible
271
what is immediately below the nasal cavity?
oral cavity
272
what is immediately superior/lateral to the nasal cavity?
orbits
273
lateral wall of nose
Characterized by 3 curved shelves of bone → concha
274
nasal septum
Typically situated in the midline
| Separates nasal cavities
275
role of concha
increase SA
Minimize water loss
Warm air
Immune functions
276
how many concha?
3
superior
middle
inferior
277
where is the inferior nasal meatus?
Between inferior concha and nasal floor
278
where is the middle nasal meatus?
Between inferior and middle concha
279
where is the superior nasal meatus?
Between middle and superior concha
280
where is the sphenoethmoidal recess?
Between superior concha and nasal roof
281
4 paired nasal sinuses
frontal
maxillary
sphenoid
ethmoid
282
where do frontal sinuses drain?
via frontonasal duct into semilunar hiatus
| in middle meatus
283
where do maxillary sinuses drain?
via maxillary ostium into semilunar hiatus
| in middle meatus
284
where do sphenoid sinuses drain?
into sphenoethmoidal recess
285
where do anterior ethmoid air cells drain?
via frontonasal duct into semilunar hiatus
| in middle meatus
286
where do middle ethmoid air cells drain?
into middle meatus
| these cells from the ethmoid bulla
287
where do posterior ethmoid air cells drain?
into superior meatus
288
what nerve supplies general sensation to the nasal cavity?
branches of V1 and V2
289
boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?
SCM
Inferior border of mandible
Midline of neck
290
boundaries of the carotid triangle of the neck?
SCM
posterior belly digastric
superior belly omohyoid
291
boundaries of the muscular triangle of the neck?
SCM
superior belly omohyoid
hyoid bone
midline of neck
292
boundaries of the submandibular triangle of the neck?
anterior belly digastric
| mandible
293
boundaries of the submental triangle of the neck?
right and left anterior bellies of digastric
| hyoid bone
294
boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?
SCM
Trapezius
Clavicle
295
what can the posterior triangle be divided into?
occipital triangle
| omoclavicular/subclavian triangle
296
Occipital triangle boundaries
SCM
trapezius
inferior belly of omohyoid
297
Occipital triangle contents
trunks of brachial plexus
CN XI
cervical lymph nodes
298
omoclavicular/subclavian triangle boundaries
SCM
clavicle
inferior belly omohyoid
299
omoclavicular/subclavian triangle contents
subclavian artery and vein
| supraclavicular lymph nodes
300
4 suprahyoid muscles
stylohyoid
digastric
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
301
4 infrahyoid muscles
sternohyoid
omohyoid
thyrohyoid
sternothyroid
302
function of suprahyoid muscles
hold hyoid up
303
function of infrahyoid muscles
anchor hyoid down
304
contents of the carotid triangle that can be palpated
carotid sheath
| palpate carotid pulse btwn anterior border of SCM and larynx
305
contents of the muscular triangle that can be palpated
thyroid gland
306
contents of the submandibular triangle that can be palpated
submandibular gland
| lymph nodes
307
contents of the submental triangle that can be palpated
lymph nodes
308
GI elements in the anterior triangle
esophagus
| pharynx
309
respiratory elements in the anterior triangle
trachea
pharynx
larynx
310
endocrine elements in the anterior triangle
thyroid
| parathyroid
311
Pharynx
common passageway for food/liquid and air
312
soft palate
mobile muscular layer in the roof of the oral cavity that attaches anteriorly to the hard palate
313
role of soft palate
Raised and lowered to seal off different regions of the pharynx to direct the flow of ingesta or protect the oral/nasal cavities from regurgitation
314
what innervates the soft palate
CN X
315
constrictor muscles of pharynx
superior
middle
inferior
316
longitudinal muscles of the pharynx
salpingopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
stylopharyngeus
317
longitudinal muscles of the pharynx role
Shorten the pharynx
| elevate the larynx during swallowing and vocalization
318
tonsils
collections of MALT embedded in the mucosa of the pharynx
319
3 primary tonsils
Pharyngeal
palatine
lingual
320
motor innervation to muscles of the pharynx
CN X
| except stylopharyngeus
321
stylopharyngeus motor innervation
CN IX
322
nasopharynx sensation innervation
V2
| conscious
323
oropharynx sensation innervation
CN IX
| conscious
324
laryngopharynx sensation innervation
CN X
| unconscious
325
how to check if CN X is damaged
If there is damage to CN X the uvula deviates away from the injured side
326
2 crucial functions of swallowing
Propelling food bolus through pharynx and UES to esophagus
| Airway protection
327
3 functions of larynx
Acts as a valve to protect the airway from food and liquid passing through the pharynx during swallowing
Modifies air for production of sound during vocalization
Acts as a valve to close the airway
328
skeleton of larynx
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
arytenoid cartilages
epiglottic cartilages
329
joints of larynx
Cricothyroid joint
| Cricoarytenoid joints
330
what innervates the muscles of the larynx?
inferior laryngeal nerve
| except cricothyroid
331
what innervates the cricothyroid?
external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
332
cricothyroid function
only muscle that tenses vocal fold
| higher voice
333
Thyroarytenoid function
shorten/relax vocal folds
| Lower voice
334
vocalis function
modify tension of folds
335
Posterior cricoarytenoid function
abduct/open vocal folds
336
Lateral cricoarytenoid
| function
adduct/close vocal folds
337
Transverse and oblique arytenoid function
adduct/close vocal folds
338
sensory innervation to larynx above vocal folds
internal laryngeal nerve
339
sensory innervation to larynx below vocal folds
inferior/recurrent laryngeal nerve
340
vasculature supply to larynx
Superior and inferior laryngeal arteries
