HC and drawing

Question 1

Hydrocarbons

Answer 1

• carbon + hydrogen
• covalent bond
• non-polar + hydrophobic

Question 2

carbon

Answer 2

tetravalent central atom - 4 bonds

shape of molecules (shape of life)

Question 3

non - polarity

Answer 3

weak molecular interaction therefore low BP

Question 4

function groups added via covalent bonds

Answer 4

add heteroatoms - O, N, S, P etc

differs chemical properties

Question 5

drawing molecules

Answer 5

complete structure

skeletal

Question 6

complete structure

Answer 6

shows which atoms are bond to which atom

Question 7

skeletal - economical

Answer 7

• zig-zag form - shown by x-ray crystallography
• remove H atom and kink and end point represent C
• functional groups must be shown including H atoms

Question 8

alkanes

Answer 8

• saturated
• ‘backbone’ of organic molecules
• only C and H atoms

Question 9

Alkenes

Answer 9

• double bond - unsaturated

Question 10

benzene

Answer 10

• not an alkene as it has different chemical properties

- aromatic

Question 11

alkynes

Answer 11

• triple bonds

- unsaturated

Question 12

example of importance of functional groups

Answer 12

vitamin A - cis-retinal

trans alkene - cis-alkene - has aldehyde

Question 13

cis-retinal

Answer 13

cis complex when adding H2N–Lys216

Question 14

trans complex

Answer 14

cis complex + hv

cause conformational change in rhodopsin trigger nerve impulse to brain = vision

Question 15

alcohol

Answer 15

-OH group

Question 16

related functional groups to alcohol

Answer 16

phenol = benzene + OH group

ether - derived from alcohol/ phenol or mixed - O single bonded to 2 C atoms

Question 17

examples of alcohol

Answer 17

menthol - peppermint smell - alcohol
oestradiol - hormone - alcohol + phenol
THC - cannabis - phenol + ether

Question 18

THC

Answer 18

tetrahydrocannabinol

Question 19

carboxylic acid

Answer 19

-COOH group

Question 20

carboxylic ester

Answer 20

• derived from -COOH

- hydroxyl replace with HC

Question 21

lactone

Answer 21

cyclic ester a 5-membered lactone - y-lactone

Question 22

example of carboxylic acid

Answer 22

fatty acid - stearic and elaidic acid

Question 23

ketone

Answer 23

• C=O - C bonded to 2 R groups

Question 24

aldehyde

Answer 24

• C=O - C bonded to an H atom and R group

Question 25

example of ketone

Answer 25

2-pentanone | progesterone

Question 26

example of aldehyde

Answer 26

butanal

Question 27

Hemi-acetal

Answer 27

- carbon bonded to O- and an OH group

Question 28

acetal

Answer 28

- carbon bonded to O- and O- groups

Question 29

formation of hemi-acetal

Answer 29

reaction of alcohol + aldehyde

Question 30

example of formation of hemi-acetal

Answer 30

open chain D glucose beta-D glucose lactose

Question 31

monosaccharides

Answer 31

building blocks for polysaccharides

Question 32

example of monosaccharides

Answer 32

D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-glucosamine, L-fucose

Question 33

polysaccharides using the examples of monosaccharides

Answer 33

make starch, cellulose, chirin etc

Question 34

phosphoric acid

Answer 34

- P=O | - phosphate bonded to 3 other hydroxyl groups

Question 35

phosphoric ester

Answer 35

- P=O - P bonded to 2 other hydroxyl groups - P bonded to O that's also bonded to an R

Question 36

AMP

Answer 36

adenosine tmonophosphate

Question 37

DNA

Answer 37

deoxyribonucleic acid | has phosphate diester

Question 38

amine

Answer 38

based on ammonia NH3 | primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

Question 39

primary amine

Answer 39

- N bonded to 2 H atom | - N bonded to an R group

Question 40

secondary amine

Answer 40

- N bonded to an H atom | - N bonded to 2 R groups

Question 41

tertiary amine

Answer 41

- N bonded to 3 R groups

Question 42

quaternary ammonium salt

Answer 42

positive charge on N | - N bonded to 4 R group

Question 43

imine (Schiff bass)

Answer 43

- N double bonded to carbon | - N single bond to another atom

Question 44

nitrile

Answer 44

- N is triple bonded to an atom

Question 45

reactive intermediate

Answer 45

in pyridoxal phosphate mediated amino acids transamination

Question 46

amide

Answer 46

has primary, secondary and tertiary

Question 47

primary amide

Answer 47

- N bonded to 2 H atoms | - N bonded to C=O

Question 48

secondary amide

Answer 48

- N bonded to an H atom and an R group | - N bonded to C=O

Question 49

tertiary amide

Answer 49

- N bonded to 2 R groups | - N bonded to C=O

Question 50

lactam

Answer 50

cyclic amide | beta-lactam - 4 membered cyclic amide

Question 51

urea

Answer 51

symmetric of N bonding towards C=O | and N bonding to R groups and H atom

Question 52

carbamate

Answer 52

new functional group | as it has different chemical properties

Question 53

thiourea

Answer 53

similar to urea but replaces O with S | easily replaced due to S and o being in the same group

Question 54

examples for urea, carbamate and thiourea

Answer 54

loratadine - drugs for seasonal rhinitis metiamide - anti-ulcer drug biotin - urea - CO2 carrier in body

Question 55

thio

Answer 55

sulphur containing 'analogue' of O functional group

Question 56

thiol

Answer 56

SH in replace of OH

Question 57

thioether

Answer 57

-S-

Question 58

disulphide

Answer 58

-S-S- | unique

Question 59

thioester

Answer 59

S bonding to C=O and R group

Question 60

examples of thiols - sulphur functional group

Answer 60

cysteine and methionine biotin acetyl CoA - has thioester

Question 61

aromatic heterocyclic structure

Answer 61

all based on benzene ring

Question 62

example of aromatic heterocyclic structure

Answer 62

pyrimidine and purine etc

Question 63

purines

Answer 63

- G, A | - caffeine, deoxy guanosine, deoxyadenosine, theobromine

Question 64

nucleoside

Answer 64

building blocks of nucleic acid

Question 65

Pyrimidine

Answer 65

C, U, T | cytidine, deoxythymidine, AZT

Question 66

AZT

Answer 66

azidothymidine