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Cellulaire Oncologie > HC1 - The nature of cancer > Flashcards

HC1 - The nature of cancer Flashcards

1
Q

tumors

A
  • arise from normal tissue
  • cannot maintain tissues of normal form and function
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2
Q

histological features tumors

A

resemble tissue of origin

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3
Q

begign

A

grow locally without invading adjecent tissue

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4
Q

thyroid adenomas

A
  • pre-malignant epithelial growth
  • excessive release of thyroid hormone = hyperthryriodism
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5
Q

pituitary adenoma

A

growth hormone > excessive growth = acromegaly

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6
Q

malignant

A

invade nearby tissues and spawn metastases = 90% of deaths

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7
Q

majority of tumors

A

epithelial cells

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8
Q

epithelia

A

sheets of cells that line the walls of cavities and channels or cover the body

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9
Q

lamina basalis

A

extracellular matrix, separates epithelial cells from stroma

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10
Q

caricinomas (epithelia)

A

malignant

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11
Q

squamous cell carcinomas

A

cells forming the protective layer

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12
Q

adenomacarcinomas

A

specialized cells that secrete

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13
Q

sarcomas (connective tissue)

A

-1% of cancers
- fibroblasts, collegen-secreting cells, adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondroblasts, myocytes

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14
Q

hematopoietic tissue

A

precursors of erythrocytes, antibody-secreting plasma cells, T and B lymphocytes

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15
Q

leukemia

A

spawned by malignant non-pigmented hematopoietic cells, freely moving through circulation

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16
Q

lymphomas

A

malignant T or B lymphocytes that aggregate and form solid tumors, usually found in lymph nodes

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17
Q

nervous system

A

gliomas, glioblastomas, neuroblastomas, schwannomas, medulloblastomas

18
Q

difficulty with classification

A
  • transdifferentiation > from one lineage to another
  • epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT)
19
Q

teratomas

A
  • arise from germ cell precursors that persist at inappropriate sites in the developing fetus
  • retain ability to generate most tissues
  • genetic wildtype = no mutations
20
Q

dedifferentiation

A

shed virtually all tissue-specificity

20
Q

anaplastic tumors

A

no longer possible to identify the tissue from which they have arisen

21
Q

progressive cancer development

A

cancer cell populations evolve progressively to greater degrees of aggressive behavior = multi-step process

22
Q

cancer progression

A

normal-hyperplasmic- metaplasmic- dysplasia- neoplasmic - metastasis

23
Q

hyperplasmic growth

A
  • excessive number of cells
  • retain ability to assemble into a tissue that appear reasonably normal
24
Q

metaplasmic growth

A

normally present tissue is replaced with cells from a nearby tissue

25
Q

dysplasia

A
  • transitional state between benign and malignant growth
  • variablity in nuclear shape and size,increased nuclear staining, increased size nucleus vs cytoplasma,
    increased mitotic activity, lack of normal cytoplasmic features
  • aberrant relative numbers of various cell types
  • major effects on tissue architecture
26
Q

adenomas, polyps, adenomatous polyps, papillomas, warts

A
  • all contain cell types of normal epithelial tissue > greatly expended
  • respect boundry lamina basalis
27
Q

neoplasm

A

invasion into underlying tissues (stroma)

28
Q

monoclonal tumors

A
  • descent from a single ancestor
  • myelomas = B cell precursors
  • particular chromosome rearrangement or mutation
29
Q

monoclonality

A

competition between multiple populations with different proliferation rates

30
Q

genetic heterogeneity

A

may mask monoclonal origin, genetic markers present in descendents

31
Q

normal cells in aerobic conditions

A

glycolysis and citric acid cycle > 36 ATP

32
Q

Warburg effect

A

many types of cancer cells use glycolysis even when exposed to oxygen

33
Q

anaerobic/hypoxic conditions

A

glycolysis> reduction of pyruvate to lactate > secretion lactate> 2 ATP

34
Q

hypoxia cancer

A

glycolysis for intermediates that can be used in biosynthesis

35
Q

overexpression of glucose transporters (GLUT1)

A

PET-scan > accumulation of radiolabeled glucose

36
Q

imported glucose

A
  • normal cells = 30%
  • cancer = 1%
37
Q

cancer frequencies

A
  • vary between populations
  • caused by random unavoidable accidents
38
Q

environment and genetics

A

determine cancer risk

39
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

squamous cells are replaced by secretory cells of the stomach, esophageal adenocarcinomas

Cellulaire Oncologie (14 decks)

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