Head and Neck

Question 1

What passes through the foramina of the cribiform plate?

Answer 1

Olfactory nerve bundles

Question 2

What passes through the optic canal?

Answer 2

Optic nerve

Question 3

What passes through the superior orbital fissue?

Answer 3

oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV) and opthalmic=V1 and abducens nerve (VI)

Question 4

What passes through the foramen rotundum?

Answer 4

maxilliary nerve V2

Question 5

What passes through the foramen ovale

Answer 5

mandibular V3,

Question 6

What passes through the carotid canal?

Answer 6

internal carotid artery and nerve plexus

Question 7

What passes through the internal acoustic meatus?

Answer 7

Facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

Question 8

What passes through the jugular foramen?

Answer 8

glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI)

Question 9

What passes through the hypoglossal canal?

Answer 9

hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Question 10

What are the ligaments of the temporomandibular joint?

Answer 10

lateral TMJ ligament, sphenomandibular ligament

Question 11

What are the cartilages of the larynx?

Answer 11

thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, paired arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform cartilages

Question 12

Where does the superior laryngeal nerve enter into the larynx?

Answer 12

through the thyrohyoid membrane

Question 13

What does the buccinator muscle do?

Answer 13

aids in chewing contraction = muscle pressing cheek against molar teeth

Question 14

What eye muscle raise the upper eyelid?

Answer 14

levator palpebrae superioris

Question 15

What innervates the lateral rectus muscle?

Answer 15

abducens nerve (VI)

Question 16

What innervates the superior oblique?

Answer 16

The trochlear nerve (IV)

Question 17

What are the 4 rectus muscles of the eye and what movements does contraction of them make?

Answer 17

Superior: Elevates globe in abduction Inferior: depresses globe in abduction Lateral : pure abductor Medial: pure adductor

Question 18

What movements do the oblique muscles of the eye produce?

Answer 18

Superior: depresses globe in adduction Inferior: elevates globe in abduction

Question 19

What are the 4 muscles of mastication?

Answer 19

Temporalis, Masseter, Lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid

Question 20

Where is the temporalis muscle found?

Answer 20

Floor of the temporal fossa

Question 21

What is the action of the temporalis muscle?

Answer 21

elevates the mandible and closes the jaw

Question 22

What does the masseter muscle do?

Answer 22

elevates the mandible and closes the jaw

Question 23

Where does the masseter originate and insert?

Answer 23

the zygomatic arch and to the lateral surface of the mandible

Question 24

What is the function of the lateral pterygoid?

Answer 24

To open the jaws and to protrude jaw forward with medial pterygoid allows grinding

Question 25

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

Answer 25

Soft palate to superior margin of epiglottis

Question 26

What tonsils are within the oropharynx?

Answer 26

lingual pharyngeal and palatine

Question 27

What is the pharyngeal isthmus?

Answer 27

Connects naso and oral pharynx

Question 28

What are the two types of muscle in the pharynx?

Answer 28

Constrictor (smooth muscle) and longitudinal (skeletal)

Question 29

What muscle of the pharynx seals the pharyngeal isthmus when swallowing?

Answer 29

Superior constrictor containing the palatopharyngeal sphincter

Question 30

What are the 3 longitudinal pharyngeal muscles and what do they do?

Answer 30

They all elevate the larynx and shorten the pharynx during swallowing and speaking Stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus

Question 31

What is stylopharyngeus innervated by?

Answer 31

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 32

What are most all the muscles of the pharynx innervated by?

Answer 32

Vagus nerve

Question 33

What muscle stretchs and tenses the vocal cords and what is its innervation?

Answer 33

Cricothyroid superior laryngeal nerve of vagus

Question 34

Which muscle is the sphincter that closes the eyelids?

Answer 34

Orbicularis oculi made up of three parts: orbital, palpebral and lacrimal

Question 35

Where do all cerebral arteries arise from?

Answer 35

The circle of Willis

Question 36

What do the 2 vertebral arteries become in the brain?

Answer 36

The basilar artery

Question 37

What are the branches of the internal carotid artery once they enter the brain? Where do they enter the brain?

Answer 37

Enter brain just posterior to the orbits and continue as middle cerebral arteries and anterior cerebral arteries

Question 38

What artery links the posterior cerebral arteries with the middle cerebral artery?

Answer 38

Posterior communicating artery

Question 39

What links the two anterior cerebral arteries?

Answer 39

The anterior communicating artery

Question 40

Nerve damage to oculomotor nerve or the sympathetic pathway to the head can result in what clinical sign - and how would you distinguish between the two?

Answer 40

Ptosis CNIII = marked ptosis due to denervation of levator palpebrae superioris (raises upper eyelid) Sympathetic = slight due to denervation of the small smooth muscle in the eyelid

Question 41

Name the blue, purple, red, green, white and orange arteries ![]()

Answer 41

Blue = anterior cerebral arteries Purple = Middle cerebral arteries Red (leading into purple) = internal carotid arteries Green = Posterior communicating arteries White = Posterior cerebral arteries Orange = Superior cerebellar arteries Red (from orange) = Basilar arteries -\> vertebral arteries --\> anterior inferior and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries

Question 42

What is the origin of the mylohoid bone? Innervation?

Answer 42

Mylohyoid line of the mandible Mandibular branch of trigeminal

Question 43

Where does geniohyoid attach, what is it more superior to and what is its innervation?

Answer 43

from mental spine of mandible --\> hyoid Superior to mylohyoid Innervated by hypoglossal nerve

Question 44

What are the "suprahydoid muscles"

Answer 44

Digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid

Question 45

What are the 3 extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Answer 45

Genioglossus, hyoglossus and styloglossus

Question 46

If there is ipsilateral damage to the hypoglossal nerve what will you see when asking the patient to stick their tongue out?

Answer 46

The tongue wil deviate to the side of the lesion due to unopposed genioglossus ipsilaterally

Question 47

What three muscles arise from the styloid process?

Answer 47

Styloglossus, stylohyoid and stylopharyngeus

Question 48

What are the 3 pharyngeal constictor muscles, what is their motor and sensory innervation and what do they do?

Answer 48

Superior, middle and inferior Motor: vagus nerve Sensory: glossopharyngeal Movement of food during swallowing

Question 49

What is the sternocleidomastoid muscle innervated by?

Answer 49

Accessory nerve (CNXI)

Question 50

What happens to the muscles in the eye if there is unilateral damage to the oculomotor nerve?

Answer 50

Paralysis of the 4 extraocular muscles (superior, medial and inferior rectus + inferior oblique) , paralysis of upper eyelid = opthalmoplegia and ptosis also PSS fibres affected in nerve will cause pupilliary dilatation and inability to accomodate on the affected side

Question 51

What are the 3 layers of the eyeball?

Answer 51

External fibrous layer: sclera and cornea Middle vascular pigmented layer: choroid, ciliary body and iris Internal neural layer: retina