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Anatomy > Abdomen/GIT > Flashcards

Abdomen/GIT Flashcards

1
Q

What muscle is the most superficial muscular layer and in which direction do its fibres fun?

A

External oblique and its fibres run inferiorly from lateral to medial

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2
Q

All the muscular layers of the abdominal wall form apopneuroses across the medial part of the abdominal anterior wall - what do they form?

A

The linea alba (white line)

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3
Q

What muscle lies beneath external oblique and in what direction do its fibres run?

A

Internal oblique and at 90 degrees to external oblique fibres

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4
Q

What is the deepest muscular layer in the abdomen? What direction does its fibres run?

A

Transverse abdominus - fibres run transversely

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5
Q

What muscle forms the “six pack”? What is it enveloped by?

A

Rectus abdominus rectus sheath (the apopneuroses)

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6
Q

What blood vessel supplies the inferior abdominal wall?

A

Inferior epigastric artery, deep circumflex iliac arteries - branches of the external iliac artery

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7
Q

What blood vessel supplies the superior abdominal wall?

A

Superior epigastric artery

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8
Q

What is the venous drainage of the inferior part of the abdominal wall?

A

3 inguinal veins (superficial) drain into the greater saphenous vein

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9
Q

What is the venous drainage of the superior part of the abdominal wall?

A

Superficial epigastric vein

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10
Q

What is peritoneum?

A

Thin single celled layer of mesothelium

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11
Q

What is parietal peritoneum?

A

The mesothelium that covers the internal surfaces of the abdominal wall

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12
Q

What is visceral peritoneum?

A

The mesothelium that envelops the abdominal viscera

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13
Q

What is mesentery?

A

A double layered flap of peritoneum connects viscera to abdominal wall - contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics and fat stores

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14
Q

What is an omentum and what are the two omentums?

A

Double layered peritoneum that connects stomach to other organs: greater and lesser

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15
Q

Where does the greater omentum run?

A

Starts from greater curvature of the stomach and proximal part of duodenum –> hangs like an apron and passes back up to the transverse colon

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16
Q

Where does the lesser omentum run?

A

Between the liver and the lesser curve of the stomach

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17
Q

What does the inguinal canal connect and why is it clinically significant?

A

Connects the abdomen to the scrotum and is significant as it is a weak spot prone to herniation

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18
Q

What are the four main layers of the GIT moving from the lumen outwards?

A

Mucosa, sub-mucosa, Muscularis and Serosa

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19
Q

Briefly describe the mucosal layer of the GIT

A

Epithelial layer, underneath which is a connective tissue layer called the lamina propria - contains GALT, the innermost layer is the muscularis mucosa and is the innermost layer of smooth muscle.

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20
Q

Describe the submucosa of the GIT

A

Layer of dense connective tissue, contains nervous plexuses as well as main blood and lymph vessels

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21
Q

Describe the muscularis layer of the GIT

A

Two layers of smooth muscle: inner circular and outer longitudinal layer

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22
Q

Describe the serosa of the GIT

A

Loose connective tissue, adipose tissue and blood and lymph vessels surrounded by mesothelium

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23
Q

What type of epithelium lines the oesophagus?

A

Non-keratinised squamous epithelium

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24
Q

Describe the epithelium of the stomach

A

Single layered columnar epithelium with main invaginations that extend into the lamina propria (gastric pits)

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25
Q

What is the name for the folds in the stomach area and what is their function?

A

Rugae - to increase SA

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26
Q

What are the 4 sections of the stomach?

A

The cardia, fundus, body and pylorus

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27
Q

What are pilae circularis and where in the GIT are they most prominent?

A

Permanent folds in the mucosa - prominent in jejenum

28
Q

What is the defining feature of the apical brush border?

A

Densely packed microvilli

29
Q

What are Peyers patches?

A

Aggregates of lymphoid material - containing APC’s

30
Q

What are Paneth cells?

A

Exocrine cells that secrete lysozomes - antimicrobial

31
Q

What are Brunners glands? What are they a defining feature of?

A

Deep coiled glands that secrete alkaline mucus Duodenum

32
Q

What artery supplies the upper third (cervical) section of the oesophagus?

A

Inferior thyroid artery

33
Q

Which artery supplies the middle third (thoracic) section of the oesophagus?

A

Oesophageal brances from aorta and bronchial arteries

34
Q

Which artery supplies the lower third (abdominal) oesophagus?

A

Branches from left inferior phrenic and left gastric artery

35
Q

At what vertebral level does the duodenum start?

A

About L1

36
Q

What gives the sympathetic innervation of the stomach?

A

The coeliac plexus (T6-T9)

37
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the stomach?

A

Vagus nerve

38
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine in order?

A

Duodenum, jejenum and ileum

39
Q

What is the blood supply to the foregut?

A

Coeliax axis

40
Q

What is the blood suppy to the midgut?

A

superior mesenteric axis

41
Q

What divides the left and right lobes of the liver?

A

The falciform ligament

42
Q

What duct connects the gallbladder and the common hepatic duct?

A

The cystic duct

43
Q

Where do the pancreatic duct and common bile duct meet?

A

In the second part of the duodenum at the ampulla of vater

44
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

superior and inferior: longitudinal, transverse and vertical

45
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

geniglossus, hypoglossus, palatoglossus and styloglossus

46
Q

What are the three extrinsic salivary glands that lie outside of the oral mucosa?

A

Parotid, submandibular and sublingal

47
Q

What are the two layers of the peritoneum?

A

Parietal and visceral

48
Q

What is the most fixed part of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum

49
Q

How does the pancreas lie within the abdomen?

A

Retroperitoneally

50
Q

Why is the ascending colon retroperitoneal?

A

As only its front and sides are covered with peritoneum

51
Q

What does the inguinal canal “follow” in men and women?

A

In men: spermatic cord

Women: round ligament of the uterus

52
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

An oblique passage through the lower anterior abdominal wall - not a true canal but a series of non overlapping holes in the musculo fascial layers

53
Q

What is the body’s largest lymphatic organ?

A

The spleen

54
Q

What connects the spleem to the upper part of the greater curvature of the stomach

A

The gastro-splenic ligament

55
Q

What connects the spleen to the left kidney?

A

The lineo-renal ligament

56
Q

What are the three major openings in the diaphragm?

A

The aortic, oesophageal and vena caval openings

57
Q

What are the single branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Coeliac artery and superior and inferior mesenteric

58
Q

What artery supplies the stomach and lower end of the oesophagus?

A

The left gastric artery

59
Q

What is the main artery that provides branches to the pancreas and fundus of the stomach?

A

Splenic artery

60
Q

What artery supplies the gall bladder and what is it a branch of?

A

Cystic artery - right branch of the hepatic artery

61
Q

What are the branches of the hepatic artery?

A

Cystic artery, gastroduodenal artery and right gastric artery

62
Q

What artery supplies the midgut? (2nd part of duodenum –> half way along the transverse colon)

A

The superior mesenteric artery

63
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Hind gut: middle of transcerse colon to superior part of the anal canal

64
Q

What forms the inferior vena cava?

A

The two common iliac veins

65
Q

What does the alimentary tract and its derivatives drain via?

A

The hepatic portal system

66
Q

What does the external iliac artery become?

A

The femoral artery

67
Q

What are the 4 narrowings of the oesophagus?

A

Where pharynx becomes continuous with proximal oesophagus

Where aortic arch crosses

Where it is compressed by left main bronchus

Where it passes through the diaphragm

Anatomy (6 decks)

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