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ESA 4 - 2017 - Incomplete/Some errors > Head & Neck 3 > Flashcards

Head & Neck 3 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Describe the sources of arterial blood supply to the head and neck
Hint: 2 sources

A

Common carotids

Verteberal arteries

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2
Q

What are the vertebral arteries branches of?

A

Subclavian arteries

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3
Q

What parts of the head and neck are supplied by the vertebral arteries?

A

The posterior neck and posterior parts of the brain

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4
Q

How do the vertebral arteries travel in the neck?

A

Through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae (except C7)

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5
Q

What structure do the vertebral arteries pass through after reaching the top of the vertebrae?

A

Subarachnoid space - between the atlas and occipital bone

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6
Q

What structure do the vertebral arteries pass through after the subarachnoid space?

A

The foramen magnum

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7
Q

What artery is formed by the convergence of the vertebral arteries?

A

Basilar

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8
Q

What aspect of the brainstem does the basilar artery run along?

A

Anterior

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9
Q

From what structure does the right common carotid arise?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

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10
Q

From what structure does the left common caortid arise?

A

Arch of the aorta

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11
Q

Where does the sympathetic trunk run in the neck in relation to the carotid sheath?

A

Outside, medially and behind

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12
Q

Where do the common carotids terminate and what do they become?

A

At the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage to become the internals and externals

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13
Q

What can a carotid massage alleviate?

A

Supra-ventricular tachycardia

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14
Q

What is a carotid massage?

A

Firm rubbing of the crotid sinus (found at the point of temination)

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15
Q

Which arteries supply the neck?

A

Ascending and transverse cervical - branches of the thyrocervical trunk

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16
Q

How does the internal carotid enter the skull?

A

Carotid canal

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17
Q

What is the carotid body?

A

Part of the common carotid below the sinus lined with chemoreceptors

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18
Q

What is the clinical significance of the point of bifurcation of the common carotid?

A

Atheroma formation common - rupture of clot can cause stroke or TIA

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19
Q

Superior boundary of the carotid triangle please

A

Posterior belly of digastric

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20
Q

Carotid trangle: lateral boundary?

A

SCM

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21
Q

Medial boundary of carotid triangle if you please

A

Syuperior belly of omohyoid

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22
Q

Carotid triangle: contents?

Hint: 2

A

Internal jugular

Bifurcation of common carotid

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23
Q

Other than the internal jugular, what else can be accessed via the carotid triangle?
Hint: 2

Study These Flashcards
A

Vagus and hypoglossal nerves

24
Q

Name the terminal branches of external carotid

Hint: 2

Study These Flashcards
A

Superficial temporal

Maxillary

25
How many non-terminal branches of the external carotid are there?
6
26
Now see how many branches of the external carotid you can name Hint: 6
``` Superior thyroid Lingual Facial Ascending pharyngeal Occipital Posterior auricular ```
27
Why does loss of blood supply to the scalp not lead to bone death?
Middle meningeal artery supplies skull - i.e. not arteries of the scalp
28
Briefly describe the lymphatic system
Network of drainage vessels Throughout body Return lymph to blood circulation
29
In what structures does lymph primarily form?
Capillary beds
30
Why does lymph fomr at these structures?
Net filtration does not equal net absorption at capillary beds
31
Which part of the lymph system is responsible for collecting lymph at the capillary beds?
Lymphatic capillarys
32
What does lymph contain? | Hint: 6
``` Tissue fluid Small proteins Lipids Damaged cells Bacteria Cancer cells ```
33
How much lymph does the body produce a day?
3-4L 120-180ml/hour 2-3ml/min
34
What functional features differentiate the lymphatic system from the cardiovascular system?
No central pump | One-directional flow
35
How many steps are there in lymphatic flow?
6; capillary -> afferent vessels -> nodes -> efferent vessels -> trinks -> ducts
36
How is one-directional flow maintiained?
Valves that constrict passively (from muscle or arterial pulsation) or by intrinsic constriction
37
What is the terminal drainage point of the lymphatic system? | Hint: 2 points
Right lymphatic duct & Thoracic duct drain into R&L Subclavian veins respectively
38
What is significantly different about the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct?
The right only drains the right upper 1/4 of the body, with thoracic covering the remainder
39
What is lymphoedema?
Abnormal collection of protein rich fluid causing tissue swelling due to compromised lymphatic drainage
40
What can cause lymphoedema? | Hint: 5
``` Removal of nodes Infections Damage to system e.g. cancer treatment Lack of limb movement Congenital ```
41
What are lymph nodes made of?
Connective tissue - tough fibrous outer capsule & internal reticular tissue
42
What do lymph nodes contain and why?
B&T lymphocytes - nodes are a route for spread of infection
43
What mkaes the lymphatic system effective in fighting infection?
All lymph substances pass though at least one node - nodes are physical and phagocytic filters
44
What is lymphadenopathy?
Swollen lymph node
45
What are the common causea of lymphadenopathy?
Infection | Malignancy
46
What differentiates an infected swollen lymph node from one that is exhibiting malignancy?
``` Infection = tneder & mobile Malignant = hard & non-tender ```
47
What two broad groups can lymph nodes be classified by?
Regional (superficial, drains specific areas) | Terminal (deep, receives drainage from regional)
48
How many lymph nodes are there in the body and specifically the neck?
800 - 300 in the neck
49
Where are the regional lymph nodes found in the neck?
Superficial cervical fascia
50
Where are the terminallymph nodes found in the neck?
Deep to the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia
51
Which four structures are cervical lymph nodes found around?
Mandible Aurice Occiput SCM
52
What is Waldeyer's ring?
Annular collection of lymphatic tissue around the superior pharynx consisting of the tonsils (pharyngeal, palatine and lingual)
53
What is the importance of the supraclavicuar lymph nodes?
They are the route for transport of lymph from thoracic cavity and abdomen
54
What is the left supraclavicular lymph node also known as?
Virchow's node
55
Which lymph node is most commonly enlarged?
Jugulo-digastric - responsible for palatine tonsil, oral cavity, posterior 1/3 tongue, pharynx, larynx

ESA 4 - 2017 - Incomplete/Some errors (19 decks)

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