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ESA 4 - 2017 - Incomplete/Some errors > Repro 2 > Flashcards

Repro 2 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What 4 events are needed for successful reproduction?

A

Fertilisation
Support of conceptus, embryo and foetus
Birth at the correct time
Support of the neonate

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2
Q

What is the HPG axis?

A

The interaction between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and the gonads

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3
Q

What does the HPG axis regulate?

A

Development
Reproduction
Ageing etc.

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4
Q

What does the hypothalamu-pituitary part of the HPG regulate/control?
Hint: 3 glands 4 processes

A 
Thyroid
Adrenals
Reproductive glands
Somatic growth
Lactation
Milk secretion 
Water metabolism
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5
Q

Where is the pituitary gland situated?

A

Base of brain, below hypothalamus but connected by stalk with nerve fibres/blood vessels

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6
Q

In which specific structure is the pituitary located in the skull?

A

Sella Turcica

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7
Q

What are the other names for the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary?

A

Anterior - pars distalis

Posterior - pars nervosa

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8
Q

What is the visual differentiating feature between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary?

A

Staining - the anterior is darker

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9
Q

What structural features differentiate the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary?

A

Tissue composition - Anterior is glandular while posterior is nervous

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10
Q

What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary (neurohypophysis) secrete?

A

ADH & Oxytocin

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11
Q

What is the origin of the posterior pituitary?

A

Hypothalamus - the lobe is an outgrowth of it, allowing neurons to pass through the stalk (median eminence)

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12
Q

What is the origin of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Rathke’s pouch

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13
Q

What connects the anterior lobe of the pituitary to the hypothalamus?

A

Hypophyseal artery

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14
Q

Which 6 peptide hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A 
Prolactin
GH
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
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15
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary?

A

Hormone releasing hormone -> Hypophyseal-portal circulation -> pituitary releases hormones -> these negatively feedback to hypothalamus

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of hypothalamic releasing hormones?
Hint: 6

A

Secreted in pules related to “body clock”
Transduced via 2nd messengers
Stimulate release of already stored pituitary hormones
As well as synthesis of these hormones
Stimulate hyperplasia AND hypertrophy of target cells
Regulate their own receptors

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17
Q

Name and action of the hypothalamic releasing hormones please
Hint: 7, most of which do what they say on the tin

A 
CRH - ACTH secretion 
TRH - TSH and prolactin secretion 
GHRH - GH secretion
Somatostatin - inhibits GH
GnRH - LH & FSH secretion 
PRH - prolactin secretion 
Dopamine - inhibits prolactin secretion
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18
Q

What are gonadotrophs?

A

Anterior pituitary cells (5-10% of them) that secrete LH&FSH

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19
Q

How do FSH&LH exert their effect?

A

Gs-PCReceptors

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20
Q

Briefly describe the secretory mechanisms of GnRH

Hint: 4 main steps

A

Hypothalamus secretes GnRH -> Anterior pituitary secretes FSH&LH -> Gonads secrete steroids -> Steroids act on reproductive tract or +ly/-ly feedback on pituitary or hypothalamus

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21
Q

Which male gonadal hormone(s) act on GnRH secretion and how?

A

Testosterone - reduces GnRH secretion

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22
Q

Which female gonadal hormone(s) act on GnRH secretion and how?

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A

Oestrogen - action is different at varying titres
Moderate titres: -ve feedback
High titres: +ve feedback

23
Q

What is the significance of high levels of oestrogen?

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A

Causes LH surge

24
Q

On the other hand, what does progesterone do regarding GnRH in females?

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A

Increases inhibitory effect of moderate oestrogen

Prevents +ve feedback of high oestrogen

25
What, then, is the significance of progesterone?
Prevents the LH surge
26
Which male gonadal hormone(s) act on the pars distalis and how?
Testosterone - reduces LH&FSH secretion
27
Which female gonadal hormones act n the pars distalis and how?
Oestrogen - again varying effects as titres change Moderate titres - reduces LH&FSH secretion High titres - increases LH&FSH secretion
28
Which hormone, present in both sexes, also acts on the pars distalis and how?
Inhibin - selectively reduces FSH secretion & is related to developing gametes
29
Describe the actions of LH in the male
Stimulates Leydig cells in testcles to produce testosterone
30
Describe the actions of FSH in the male
Stimulates Sertoli cells to produce androgen binding globulin & inhibin
31
Describe the function of androgen binding globulin in the male
Keeps testosterone bound in seminiferous tubules
32
Describe the function of inhibin in the male
SUpports spermatogenesis and inhibits the production of LH, FSH and GnRH
33
What do increased levels of testosterone and inhibin cause in the pituitary and hypothalamus?
Negative feedback
34
The hormone levels in the male HPG axis must remain constant in the long term, how and why is this?
Spermatogenesis is continuous - the male reproductive system must be ready at all times It is achieved by negative feedback loops
35
Briefly describe the negative feedback of inhibin and testosterone
Both from the gonads Inhibin effects the pars distalis Testosterone effects the hypothalamus
36
What do LH&FSH stimulate the production of in the female?
Oestrogen & inhibin
37
Define Ovarian cycle and Uterine cycle
Ovarian - preparation of the gamete | Uterine - preparation of the endometrium
38
Briefly describe the hormone profile at the start of the menstrual cycle Hint: some not present at all, some low and some on the rise
No ovarian hormone production Low steroid and inhibin levels FSH on the rise
39
Decribe the changes to the follicle (and its surroundings) as FSH binds
FSH binds to granulosa cells Theca interna appears Follicle can now secrete oestrogen Inhibin secretion begins
40
Which two processes are vital to the mid-follicular phase?
Increased LH from +ve feedback of follicular oestrogen | Follicular inhibn rises selectively reducing FSH production at pars distalis
41
What hormone changes occur in preparation for ovulation? | Hint: 4 hormones
Circulating oestradiol and inhibin rise rapidly (osetradiol production no longer dependent upon FSH) LH surge Progesterone production begins
42
Following progesterone production what change occurs in the granulosa cells?
They become responsive to LH
43
What does the luteiniesed follicle secrete? | Hint: 3
Inhibin | Oestrogen & progesterone (in large quantities)
44
What phase is established after the follicle is luteinised and how?
Waiting phase - LH is suppressed by progesterone secretion
45
What is the luteal phase?
When the corpus luteum develops
46
What does the corpus luteum produce?
Progsterone, oestrogens and inhibin
47
What happens to the corpus luteum in the absence of an LH rise?
Spontaneous regression
48
What follows the regression of the corpus luteum?
Fall in gonadal hormones relief of negative feedback Resetting of the cycle
49
If fertilisation occurs, what maintains the luteinising effect and how?
Syncytiotrophoblast via human chorionic gonadotrophin production
50
What arte the timelines of the uterine and ovarian cycles?
Ovarian; Follicular - days 0-14, Luteal - days 14-28 (0) | Uterine; Proliferative - days 4-14, Secretory - days 14-28
51
How long is the menstrual cycle?
21-35 days (+/- 1 week from 4)
52
WHat causes variation in cycle duration?
Variation in length of follicular phase
53
List some factors affecting the menstrual cycle | Hint: 4
Pregnancy (obviously) Lactation Emotional stress Low body weight

ESA 4 - 2017 - Incomplete/Some errors (19 decks)

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