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ESA 4 - 2017 - Incomplete/Some errors > Repro 4 > Flashcards

Repro 4 Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

From what structure does the scrotum arise?

A

Labioscrotal folds

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2
Q

What are the contents of the scrotum?

Hint: 3

A

Testis
Epididymis
1st part of the spermatic cord

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3
Q

What surrounds the testis?

A

Tunica vaginalis

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4
Q

What encloses the testis?

A

Tunica albuginea

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5
Q

What separates the testis into lobules?

A

Fibrous septae

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6
Q

Within which structure do the gonads develop?

A

Mesonephric ridge

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7
Q

During their descent, what do the testis cross over?

A

The inguinal canal

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8
Q

Approximately how long does the descent of the testis last?

A

From week 7 to month 9

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9
Q

How are the testis supplied with blood and what is the artery a branch of?

A

Testicular artery - abdominal aorta

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10
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the testis

A

R testicular vein - branch of IVC

L testicular vein - branch of L renal vein

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11
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

A highly convoluted duct behind the testis

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12
Q

What and how does the epididymis connect to?

A

Seminiferous tubules via efferent ductules and the rete testis

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13
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules?

A

The site of meiosis of the spermatozoa

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14
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A

A strucutre running to and from the testis containing neurovasculature and ducts

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15
Q

From where does the spermatic cord arise?

A

The deep inguninal ring lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels

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16
Q

At which point does the spermatic cord terminate?

A

Posterior border of the testis

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17
Q

What are the neurovascular contents of the spermatic cord?

Hint: 5

A 
Testicular artery
Cremasteric artery 
Artery to vas defrens 
Panpiniform plexus
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
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18
Q

What are the non-neurovascular contents of the spermatic cord?
Hint: 3

A

Vas defrens
Lymphatics
Processus vaginalis

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19
Q

What are the coverings of the spermatic cord?

Hint: 3

A

External spermatic fascia - aponeurosis of external oblique
Creamsteric muscle and fascia - internal oblique and transversalis
Internal spermatic fascia - transversalis fascia

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20
Q

Name the four scrotum related -ocoele’s

A

Hydrocoele
Haematocoele
Varicocoele
Spermatocoela

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21
Q

What are hydrocoele and haematocoele

A

Hydrocoele - serous fluid in tunica vaginalis

Haematocoele - blood in tunica vaginalis

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22
Q

What is varicocoele?

A

Varicosities of the panpiniform plexus

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23
Q

What is spermatocoele and what is it also known as?

A

Retention cyst within epididymis - Epididymal cyst

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24
Q

What is epididymitis?

A

Inflammation of the epididymis

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25
What is testicular torsion?
Twisting of the spermatic cord - usually just above the upper pole
26
Why is testicular torsion a medical emergency?
There is risk of necrosis of the testis - (plus it must be agony)
27
What is the difference in lymphatic drainage between the testis and the scrotum?
Testis - paraaortic nodes | Scrotum - superficial inguinal nodes
28
What is the vas deferens?
The duct that conveys sperm from the testicles to the urethra
29
Briefly describe the course of the vas deferens? | Hint: 4
Ascends through the spermatic cord Traverses the inguinal canal Passes between bladder and ureter Opens into ejaculatory tract
30
What are the seminal vesicles?
Diverticulum of the vas deferens between the bladder and the rectum
31
What is the function of the seminal vesicles?
Produce secretions making up 70-80% of the volume of the ejaculate
32
What does the duct of the seminal vessicles combine with? What does it form?
Vas deferens | The ejaculatory duct
33
What are the improtant anatomical relationships involving the prostate? Hint: 4
Base - neck of bladder Apex - urethral sphincter Muscular anterior surface - urethral sphincter Posterior - ampulla of rectum
34
What are the two zones of the prostate and what structures do they adjoin?
Central - urethra | Peripheral - rectum
35
What does benign hyperplasia of the middle lobule of the prostate gland cause? Hint: 3
Dysuria Nocturia Urgency
36
Via what routes and to which destinations do prostatic malignancies travel?
Lymphatic - internal iliac & sacral nodes | Venous - internal vertebral plexus to vertebrae & brain
37
What are the three parts of the penis?
Root, body , glans
38
What are the three internal structures of the penis?
``` Pair of corpora cavernosa dorsally (fill with blood) Corpus spongiosum (contains the urethra) ```
39
What is the arterial supply to the penis?
Branches of the internal pudendal artery
40
What is the internal pudendal itself a branch of?
Anterior division of internal iliac artery
41
What are the two main structures of the male perineum?
Bulbospongiosum | Ischiocavernosus
42
What are the functions of the bulbospongiosum? | Hint: 2
Aids in expulsion of the last drops of urine | Helps maintain erection
43
What is the function of the ischiocavernosus?
Compresses veins to maintain erection
44
What is the perineum?
The area between the anus and the scrotum in men or vulva in women
45
Name the parts of the male urethra | Hint: 4
Pre-prostatic Prostatic Membranous Spongy
46
Which part of the male urethra is least distensible?
Membranous
47
What is the promontory of the sacrum?
The anterior superior edge of the 1st sacral vertebra
48
Name the six features of a gynecoid pelvis | Hint: Really Sounds Interesting, Well, Well done, 90 Points
``` Round inlet Straight side walls Ischial spines not too prominent Well-rounded greater sciatic notch Well-curved sacrum Sub-pubic arch >90 degrees ```
49
Describe the difference between the true and false pelvis
False - greater pelvis, no obstetric relevance | True - lesser pelvis forming solid, immobile, bony canal
50
What are the four pelvic planes?
Inlet Plane of greatest diameter Plane of least diameter Outlet
51
What is measured in a clinical assessment of the pelvic inlet?
Anteroposterior diameter
52
What is measured in the clinical assessment of the mid-pelvis? Hint: 2
Straight side walls | Bispinous diameter
53
What is measured in the clinical assessment of the pelvic outlet? Hint: 2
Infrapubic angle | Distance between ischial tuberosities
54
What is the obstetric conjugate of the anteroposterior diameter of the pelvis?
The minimum AP diameter measured from the sacral promontory to the midpoint of the pubis symphysis
55
What is the diagonal conjugate of the antero-posterior diameter of the pelvis?
Distance from sacral promontory to inferior border of pubic symphysis - will be shorter than obstetric conjugate
56
What is olgiozoospermia?
Low sperm count in ejaculate
57
What, then, is azoospermia?
No sperm in ejaculate
58
What are cryptorchid testis?
Maldescended
59
Why are there clinical consequences of cryptorchid testis?
Spermatogenesis is imparied because of elevated temperature
60
What process ocurring in the testis is unaffected by their maldescent?
Male sex hormone secretion by sertoli and leydig cells
61
What is maldescent of the testes a risk factor for?
Malignant testicular tumours
62
What is orchitis and what are its possible effects?
Inflammation of the testis | Leads to impaired spermatogenesis and can lead to seminiferous tubule degredation and even infertillity
63
Where are sperm stored?
Tail of the epididymis
64
How does the vas deferens aid in ejaculation?
Rich autonomic innervation resulting in muscular contraction - the duct dilates to allow the passage of sperm
65
What are the layers of mucle in the vas deferens?
Outer longitudinal smooth Intermediate layer of circular Inner layer of longitudinal smooth
66
What is the panpiniform plexus?
Collection of small vessels surrounding the vas deferens
67
What is the cremaster?
A discontinuous layer of longitudinally-oriented strands of striated muscle surrounding the spermatic cord
68
In what order are the secretions associated with ejaculation produced? Hint: 4
Bulbourethral secretions Prostate secretions Spermatozoa Seminal vesicle secretions
69
What proportion of ejaculate is produced by the prostate and what are its constituents?
1/3 - prostaglandins, proteolytic enzymes and citric acid
70
Where is the bulbourethral gland found?
In the urogenital diaphragm
71
What is the specific blood supply to the penis?
Cavernous arteries from internal pudendal
72
Describe the venous drainage of the heart
Superficial and deep dorsal veins

ESA 4 - 2017 - Incomplete/Some errors (19 decks)

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