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ARRT Review > Head, Spine, & Pelvis Procedures > Flashcards

Head, Spine, & Pelvis Procedures Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

What is the angle of petrous ridges to the MSP in a mesocephalic skull shape?

A

47 degrees

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2
Q

What is the angle of petrous ridges to the MSP in a brachycephalic skull shape?

A

54 degrees

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3
Q

What is the angle of petrous ridges to the MSP in a dolichocephalic skull shape?

A

40 degrees

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4
Q

What is perp to the IR in a Skull AP Axial projection?

A

OML and MSP

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5
Q

What is the CR angle in a Skull AP axial projection? What is perp to the IR?

A

30 degrees - OML
37 degrees - IOML

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6
Q

Where is the CR in a Skull AP axial projection?

A

2-3” superior to the supercilliary ridge

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7
Q

In a Skull AP axial projection, proper positioning and CR angulation is determined by the symmetry of the skull and the ______ projected within the foramen magnum

A

Dorsum sallae and posterior clinoids

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8
Q

What is perp to the IR in a Skull PA axial projection (Caldwell)?

A

OML and MSP

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9
Q

What is the CR angle in a Skull PA axial projection?

A

15 caudal

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10
Q

Where does the CR exit in a Skull PA axial projection?

A

Nasion

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11
Q

What is demonstrated in a Skull PA axial projection?

A

Frontal bone, peterior ridges projected in the lower 1/3 of the orbits

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12
Q

Where does the CR exit in a PA Skull projection?

A

Glabella

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13
Q

What is demonstrated in a PA Skull projection?

A

Frontal bone, petrous ridges fill the orbits

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14
Q

What is perp and parallel to the IR in the SMV projection?

A

CR is perp; IOML is parallel

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15
Q

Where is the CR directed in the SMV projection?

A

Through sella turcica

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16
Q

Why should facial bones be done upright whenever possible?

A

To demonstrate air-fluid levels

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17
Q

What is perp to the IR in lateral facial bones projection?

A

IPL

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18
Q

Where is the CR directed in a lateral facial bones projection?

A

Perp to the zygoma (midway between the EAM and outer canthus)

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19
Q

Where is the CR directed in a lateral skull projection?

A

2” superior to the EAM

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20
Q

What is perp to the IR in a waters projection?

A

MML

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21
Q

In a waters projection, OML forms a __ degree angle with the IR

A

37 degree

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22
Q

What is demonstrated in a waters view?

A

Petrous ridges projected below the maxillary sinuses

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23
Q

What is perp to the IR in a modified waters projection?

A

LML

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24
Q

What angle is OML to the IR in a modified waters projection?

A

55 degrees

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25
When is a modified waters projection used?
Blowout fracture
26
What is the CR angle in a mandible axiolateral oblique?
25 degrees cephalic
27
What is the best mandible position to see the ramus?
Lateral
28
What is the best mandible position to see the body?
Patient's head rotated 30 degrees towards IR
29
What is the best mandible position to see the mentum?
Patient's head rotated 45 degrees towards the IR
30
T/F open and closed views are taken of both sides for TMJ?
True
31
What is demonstrated in a waters projection for nasal bones?
Nasal septum and roof of the nasal cavity
32
Where is the CR in a lateral nasal bones projection?
1/2" below nasion
33
What sinuses are views in a lateral projection?
All four
34
What sinuses are viewed in a PA Caldwell?
Front and anterior ethmoid
35
What sinuses are viewed in a waters?
Maxillary Sphenoid in open mouth view
36
What sinuses are viewed in SMV?
Anterior ethmoid and posterior sphenoid
37
What is the angle of the CR for AP axial c-spine?
15-20 cephalic
38
What is demonstrated in a AP axial c-spine projection?
Anterior view of intervertebral disk space and vertebral bodies
39
What is demonstrated in AP c-spine open mouth projection?
First z-joints, body and dens of C2, lateral masses
40
How is the head positioned in an AP c-spine open mouth projection?
Occlusal plane is perp to the IR (mastoid tip to the lower margin of the upper incisors)
41
What is demonstrated in a lateral c-spine projection?
Vertebral bodies, intervertebral joints, articular facets and z-joints
42
What is demonstrated in an oblique AP/PA axial c-spine projection?
Intervertebral foramina
43
What is the CR angle for oblique AP/PA axial c-spine projection?
AP - 15-20 cephalic PA - 15-20 caudal
44
What c-spine foramina is seen in anterior obliques?
Downside
45
What c-spine foramina is seen in posterior obliques?
Upside
46
What view is used for pre and post c-spine surgical fusion or whiplash?
Lateral flexion and extension
47
What is demonstrated in AP dens view?
Dens within the foramen magnum
48
Where is the CR for AP t-spine?
T7
49
How should patient be positioned for AP t-spine to utilize anode heel effect?
Lower portion of t-spine toward cathode side
50
How long is a breathing technique?
2.5 - 4 seconds
51
If a breathing technique is not used for a lateral t-spine, when should the exposure be taken?
Expiration
52
Why should the patient flex their knees for AP l-spine?
Reduces the lordotic curve, reduces OID, opens joint spaces
53
Where is the CR for AP/PA l-spine?
L4-5
54
What views require a breathing technique?
Lat t-spine RAO sternum Transthoracic Soft tissue lat neck AP scapula
55
What view is used to demonstrate spondylolisthesis?
Lateral l-spine
56
What is spondylolisthesis?
Forward slipping of lumber vertebra
57
What is the CR angle for the L5-S1 spot? (male and female)
Male: 3-5 caudal Female: 5-8 caudal
58
How much is patient rotated for oblique l-spine positions?
45 degrees
59
What side is demonstrated in l-spine posterior obliques?
Downside
60
Where is the CR for AP axial sacrum/coccyx?
Sacrum - 15 cephalic; midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis Coccyx - 10 caudal; 2" above pubic symphysis
61
Where is contrast injected for a myelogram?
Subarachnoid space
62
How is contrast injected for a myelogram?
Intrathecal (within the spinal canal) injection
63
What is the CR ange for AP axial SI joints? (males and females) Where is the CR located?
Males - 30 cephalic Females - 35 cephalic 2" above pubic symphysis
64
How is the patient positioned for posterior oblique SI joints?
Side of interest is elevated 25-30 degrees
65
Where is the CR for posterior oblique SI joints?
1" medial and 1.5" distal to the upside ASIS
66
What is demonstrated in AP hip projection?
Greater trochanter in profile laterally
67
How much is a patient's leg rotated in AP hip projection?
15 degrees
68
Where is the CR directed for AP hip?
2.5" distal to the midpoint of the line drawn between the pubic symphysis and ASIS
69
What is the proper name for x-table hip?
Danelius-Miller
70
How is IR placed for x-table hip?
Parallel to the femoral neck
71
What is the proper name for unilateral frog-leg?
Modified cleaves
72
What is demonstrated in frog-leg?
Lesser trochanter in profile medially
73
How much should a patient's leg be abducted in a frog-leg?
40-45 degrees
74
What is the proper name for axiolateral inferosuperior hip projection?
Clements-Nakayama
75
When is an axiolateral inferosuperior hip projection used?
Hip fracture
76
How are legs and feet rotated for AP pelvis?
15-20 degrees internally
77
Where is the CR for AP pelvis?
2" superior to pubic symphysis
78
What is the proper name for the Inlet projection?
Bridgeman method
79
Where is the CR for the inlet projection and what is the angle?
ASIS, 40 caudal
80
What does the inlet view demonstrate?
Anterior pubic and ischial bones and the pubic symphysis
81
What is the proper name for the Outlet projection?
Taylor
82
Where is the CR and what is the angle for the outlet projection? (male and female)
Male: 20-35 cephalic; 2" distal to the superior border of pubic symphysis Female: 30-45 cephalic; 2" distal to the superior border of pubic symphysis
83
What is demonstrated on outlet projection?
Pelvic rami without foreshortening
84
What is the proper name for the posterior oblique pelvis projection?
Judet
85
In the Judet projection, what is shown when the affected side is down?
Anterior rim of acetabulum Posterior ischial spine

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