Health Flashcards
(223 cards)
1
Q
What’s the difference between a digital and mercury thermometer?
A
The digital thermometer will make a sound once an accurate temperature has been measured whereas a mercury thermometer you have to wait for the mercury to stop moving then the temp can be read this can lead to a less accurate result
2
Q
How is temperature taken?
A
- Add lubricant to the thermometer
- Lift animals tail and insert the probe into the rectum
- Wait until you hear a beep or the mercury has stopped moving and record the temperature
- Remove the probe, clean and disinfect
3
Q
What is the normal temperature of a cow?
A
36.7-39.3
4
Q
What is the normal temperature of a cat?
A
38.1-39.2
5
Q
What is the normal temperature of a dog?
A
37.9-39.9
6
Q
What is the normal temperature of a horse?
A
37.2-38.3
7
Q
What is the normal temperature of a pig?
A
38.7-39.8
8
Q
What is the normal temperature of a rabbit?
A
38.6-40.1
9
Q
What is the normal temperature of a sheep?
A
38.3-39.9
10
Q
How can the pulse rate of an animal be taken?
A
A pulse can be take By locating a major artery and lightly pressing your index and middle finger against it.
11
Q
Where is the best location to take pulse rates?
A
Cattle- underneath base of tail Sheep and goats- top of inside back leg Pigs- at the top of inside back leg Horse- the jaw/cheek Dog- top of inside back leg Cat- top of inside back leg
12
Q
What is the normal pulse rate for a cat?
A
120-140 bpm
13
Q
What is the normal pulse rate for a dairy cow?
A
48-84 bpm
14
Q
What is the normal pulse rate for a dog?
A
70-120 bpm
15
Q
What is the normal pulse rate for a hamster?
A
300-600 bpm
16
Q
What is the normal pulse rate for a horse?
A
28-40 bpm
17
Q
What is the normal pulse rate for a pig?
A
70-120 bpm
18
Q
What is the normal pulse rate for a rabbit?
A
180-350 bpm
19
Q
What is the normal pulse rate for a sheep?
A
70-80 bpm
20
Q
How is respiration measured?
A
Either counting the fall and rising of an animals chest or by placing hand on the flans of the animal and count it that way
21
Q
What is the normal respiration rate for a cat?
A
16-40
22
Q
What is the normal respiration rate for a dairy cow?
A
26-50
23
Q
What is the normal respiration rate for a dog?
A
18-34
24
Q
What is the normal respiration rate for a horse?
A
10-14
25
What is the normal respiration rate for a pig?
32-58
26
What is the normal respiration rate for a sheep?
16-34
27
What is a capillary?
A very small blood vessel
28
What is capillary blood refill time?
How long it takes for blood to return to a section of the capillary system after its supply has been interrupted
29
How is capillary refill time measured?
To measure thus you have to firmly press on an animals gums so that that part turns white then release your finger and see how long it takes for the blood to flow back to that portion of the gums
30
What is the normal healthy capillary refill time?
Less than 2 seconds
31
What are the daily checks?
Appetite and water intake
Faeces and urine
Behaviour
Movement and gait
32
What are the weekly checks?
Appearance of eyes, ears, nose, mouth and teeth
Appearance of skin, fur, feathers and scales
Appearance of mucous membranes
Appearance of limbs and feet
Genital and anal area
Signs of coughing, sneezing or vomiting
33
What are the monthly checks?
Body condition
34
Appetite and water intake
Record of the animal has eaten a normal amount of food and water since the last time they were fed or has their appetite changed
35
Faeces and urine
What colour is the urine
Is their a change in the consistency of faeces
Is the animal passing faces and urging more or less often than normal
36
Behaviour
Is their a change in animals temperament
Are they quieter, more timid or more fearful than normal
More aggressive than normal
Do they appear to be in any pain
37
Movement and gait
Is the animal moving normally
Do they appear to have any restrictive movements
Does their posture look normal
Does their gait look normal, are their limbs co-ordinated, staggering, missing a stride
38
Appearance of eyes, ears, nose, mouth and teeth
eyes bright, clear and free from cloudiness
Ears free of unusual discharge
Nose free of unusual discharge, in good condition
Mouth a teeth in good condition, normal colour, no unusual smells
39
Appearance of skin, fur, feather and scales
```
Glossy
Scales shiny
Matted fur or bad condition
Visible sores, broken skin or any other damage
Evidence of lick marks
```
40
Mucous membrane
White mucous- animal is in shock , low count of red blood cells due to bleeding
Pink mucous- normal
Red mucous- signs of infection or heat stroke
Blue mucous- low oxygen content in blood
Yellow mucous- signs of liver or kidney problems
41
Limbs and feet
```
Is animal limping
Using all limbs equally
Any swelling
Hooves in good condition
Claws in good condition, not too long or twisted out of shape
```
42
Genitals and anal area
Any discharge
| Any unusual smells
43
Body condition
Does animal look like they are in good condition
| Animal underweight or overweight
44
What is mucous membrane ?
A layer of cells that surround certain organs and openings in the body such as openings including the inner nose, mouth and tongue. The mucous membrane protects those areas from infection and stops them from drying out
45
What is gait?
The movement of the limbs of as the animal walks or runs
46
What is the animal welfare act 2006?
The main aim is to have all their welfare needs met, its makes it illegal for anyone to mistreat animals, five welfare needs
47
What is the Welfare of animals (transport) order 2006?
```
This is an act to regulate how animals are transported from place to place, it enforced minimum requirements on transportation of vertebrate animals, for example,
How much space they should be given
Breaks for food and water
Ventilation and correct temperature
Littering for toileting
First aid
```
48
What is the welfare of animal at market order 1993?
The aim is to cover what happens to animal when they are at markets and shows, it provides welfare rules and penalties for people who break the rules. This includes
Can’t be sold if pregnant
Cannot be tied up or suspended off the ground
Enough bedding, food, water, lighting etc
49
What is The veterinary surgeon act 1966?
This act states that someone can only operate on animals or call the self a vet if they are listed on a register of vets Randy surgeons
50
What is the welfare of farmed animal regulations 2007?
This is to implement EU regulations on the welfare of farmed livestock, these regulations replace the welfare of farmed animal act
51
What is The welfare of animals regulations 1999 (slaughter or killing)?
This is to regulate slaughterhouses and ensure that animals are not caused any avoidable pain or suffering, that the industry is regulated by requiring licensing for people slaughtering or killing animals
52
What is the hires passport regulation act 2009?
The aim is to keep track of horses that end up in the human food chain, the purpose is to make it a legal requirement for all horses to be issued with a passport and microchipped. It is an offence for someone to own a horse and not have a passport
53
What is the structure of bacteria?
Single celled organisms that belong to a class of cells called prokaryotes, they have a cell wall but do not have a membrane bound nucleus. Don’t contain mitochondria
54
What is the structure of a virus?
Simple organism that consists of genetic material, either DNA OR RNA. They are surrounded by a protective protein coat. Non living organisms as they require a host cell in order to reproduce
55
What is the structure of a fungi?
Multicellular fungi are made up of fungal cells that are organised into thread like structures called hyphae
56
What is the structure of a Protozoa?
Single called organisms that display animal like characteristics such as movement and feeding
57
What is the structure of a parasite?
A parasite is any organism that lives on another organism, pathogenic parasites in animals tend to be either Protozoa, ticks or worms
58
What is the size of a bacteria?
Measured in micrometers, around 0.5-5 micrometers
59
What is the size of a virus?
They are measured in nanometres, they are a thousand times smaller than typical bacteria
60
What is the size of a fungi?
Varies from microscopic to very large
61
What is the size of a parasite?
Parasites vary in size
62
What is the replication process of a bacteria?
Replicate asexually through a process called binary fission, when a cell is big enough it replicated its genetic material then divides into two, with each cell containing the same genetic material. Genetic material can be transferred though a different process known as conjugation
63
What is the replication process of a virus?
They are so small that they can get into cells, once they are there they reproduce themselves by taking over the cells normal reproduction process
64
What is the replication process of a fungi?
Fungi can reproduce sexually or asexually, sexual occurs when two parent cells of opposite strains fuse which leads to new cells that are genetically different to the parent. Asexual happens when the fungus developed spores which are identical to the parent, the spores are then dispersed and then grow into hyphae
65
What is the replication process of Protozoa?
Protozoa can reproduce sexually or asexually , the most common asexual reproduction if binary fission however it also included budding and plasmotomy
66
What is the replication process of parasites?
Fleas, ticks, mice, lice and worms reproduce by laying their eggs inside their host
67
Common examples of bacteria
E.coli
Smonella
Pneumonia
Anthrax
68
Common examples of viruses
Foot and mouth
| Influenza strains
69
Common examples of fungi
Candida
Ringworm
Athletes foot
70
Common example of Protozoa
Malaria
African sleeping sickness
Plasmodium
71
Common examples of parasites
Roundworms
| Tapeworms
72
What is an invertebrate?
An organism without a backbone
73
What is a parasite?
Organism who obtain food from another host organism
74
What is an endoparasites?
Organisms that live in and animal
75
What are ectoparasites?
Organisms that live on a animal
76
What are Roundworms and tapeworms?
Worms are invertebrate organisms that live within an animals body
Roundworms- round, white and grow up to 15cm long
Tapeworms- flat worms consisting of a head with a body made up of independent segments and grow up to 60cm long
77
What are the symptoms of worms?
```
Presence of worms in faces or vomit
Diarrhoea
Anaemia
Dehydration
Loss of weight
Pot belly
```
78
What is the lifecycle of a roundworm?
Eggs are laid in the intestine and pass out of the body with the animals droppings or vomit
Larvae develop after about two weeks whilst still in the eggshell, the eggs are sticky and will attach to the animals fur and are infested when animal cleans itself
Once larvae is in the stomach the eggs hatch and makes its way to the small intestine
Larvae then developed in liver which moves through blood vessels into the heart and then lungs, animals will cough up the larvae and swallow it
They then get to the stomach and begin to lay more eggs
79
What is the lifecycle of a tapeworm?
Segments of the tapeworm separate from the main body and pass out the animals body, each segment contains eggs
Eggs are then ingested by other organisms, these then turn into adult tapeworm in the animals intestine
80
What is the treatment of worms?
Deworming tablets, injections or spots on the collar
81
What is the prevention of worms?
Keeping animals free from fleas, dispose of faeces quickly, restrict animals movement outdoors in order to avoid areas with droppings
82
What are the symptoms of fleas?
Skin irritation
Allergic reactions
Blood infections
Dark red or brown spots
83
What is the lifecycle of a flea?
Egg stage- 2-14 days
Larvae stage- 4-20 days, they are blind and deed on predigestion blood passed from adult fleas. At the end of this stage the larvae spins a cocoon
Cocoon stage- lasts a few days to a few weeks
Adult fleas then emerge from the cocoon when it senses that there is a host ,they live for about 2-3 months
84
What is the treatment of fleas?
```
Sprays
Powders
Tablets
Shampoos
Vacuums
Cleaning the area
```
85
What are preventions of fleas?
Normally using tablets, collars , shampoos and sprays that include ingredients that are toxic for fleas
86
What are the symptoms of fleas?
Itching and skin irritation
Loss of fur
Dull coat
87
What is the lifecycle of a tick?
Egg- hatches in a few weeks
Larvae- need to find a host to feed on, if they find one then they take several weeks or longer to develop into nymphs
Nymphs- they require another host on which to feed and if they find one then it take several weeks to months to develop into adults
Adults- once the adults have had enough food from their hosts they will mate and die
88
What are the treatment of ticks?
```
Sprays
Powders
Tablets
Collars
Shampoos
Removal of ticks using specialist equipment
```
89
What are the prevention of ticks?
Keeping animal indoors
| Restricting outdoor movements
90
What are the symptoms of mites?
Itchiness
Sore dry skin
Dark crusts of skin in the ear can suggest ear mites
Poor condition of skin
91
What is the lifecycle of mites?
Egg- hatches in a few weeks
Larvae- need to find a host to feed on, if they find one then they take several weeks or longer to develop into nymphs
Nymphs- they require another host on which to feed and if they find one then it take several weeks to months to develop into adults
Adults- once the adults have had enough food from their hosts they will mate and die
92
What are the treatment of mites?
Chemicals that kill mites are called acaricides
Sprays
Dips
Shampoos
93
Prevention of mites?
Keeping bedding and the environment clean for the animal. Separate infected animals from healthy animals
94
What are the Symptoms of lice?
Itching
Bad skin condition
Loss of hair or fur
95
What is the lifecycle of a lice?
Eggs are laid in the animals hair or fur
Nymphs hatch from the eggs then moult three times before becoming adults which takes around 10 to 20 days
Then the adults live for another 2 to 3 weeks
96
What is the treatment of lice?
Shampoos
Powders
Sprays l
97
What are the preventions of lice?
Animals being closely checked
| Clean bedding
98
What is direct transmission?
When animals come into physical contact with each other either by touching directly or via bodily fluids. They do not survive long in the environment and are easy to kill
99
What is indirect transmission?
The spread of disease through suspended air particles, they can survive a long time in the environment away from a host. They are harder to kill
100
What does airborne mean?
This is when some pathogens can remain suspended in the air e.g. after coughing or sneezing
101
What does inhalation mean?
This requires an animal to breath in a pathogen which is airborne
102
What is ingestion?
Disease transmitted through eating or drinking
103
What is a fomite?
Any non-living object that can contain and transmit diseases e.g. bedding, food containers. Picked up through animals environment
104
What is a vector?
An organism that does not cause disease itself but spreads infection, for example a mosquito spreading malaria
105
What is passive immunity?
This is when an animal is given another animals antibodies which can fight off disease. This commonly happens between a mother and offspring through feeding with a colostrum
106
What is natural immunity?
This is where an animal will already have immunity to a range of diseases which varies across animals within a species
107
What is active immunity?
Where an animal becomes infected by a pathogen and develops a disease but their immune system will still try to produce antibodies to kill the pathogen
108
What is a notifiable disease?
means that there is a legal requirement to report this disease it the animal and plant health agency APHA if an animal gets this disease
109
Rabies
A virus that attacks nervous system, spreads through bites from infected animals
Symptoms- behaviour change, fever, paralysis of jaw, foaming at mouth
Treatment- once the disease occurs there is no treatment
Prevention- vaccinations, domestic animals should avoid wild animals, infected animals should be quarantined, euthanasia
Notifiable
110
Avian flu
Also known as bird flu, a disease which is transmitted by direct contact between birds or through bodily fluid and faeces
Symptoms- swollen head, breathing problems, coughing, sneezing, reduce Appetite, fewer eggs laid, diarrhoea
Treatment- there are two versions of bird flu, the low pathogenicity version will normally get better by themselves whereas the high pathogenicity version is deadly and there is currently no cure
Prevention- vaccines, prevent contact with infected birds, isolation and disinfection
111
Swine flu
A virus that spreads between pigs through direct contact and airborne transmission
Symptoms- breathing difficulties, coughing, sneezing, reduced appetite, weight loss
Treatment- limited to rest and recuperation for infected pigs
Prevention- vaccines, isolation and quarantine, disinfection
112
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Also known as cow disease, it affects the central nervous system of cattle and is due to problems with a specific protein
Symptoms- loss of muscle control, balance problems, behavioural problems
Treatment- no known cure
Prevention- the main prevention is to have a ban on feeding meat and bone to cattle, strict rules about disposal of carcasses
113
Tuberculosis
A bacterial disease that normally produces nodules in the lungs of mammals and birds, transmit ion is airborne due to coughing or sneezing
Symptoms- loss of appetite, fever, coughing, diarrhoea, prominent lymph nodes
Treatment- animals are rarely treated for this disease
Prevention- slaughter of infected animals, vaccines
114
Blue tongue
A viral disease transmitted through midge bites that is most common in sheep
Symptoms- fever, swollen face, nasal discharge, salivation, blue tongue
Treatment- their is no treatment
Prevention- vaccination, quarantine of infected animals
115
Foot and mouth disease
Infectious viral disease, affecting cattle, sheep, goat, pigs and other cloven hoofed animals
Symptoms- fever, blisters in mouth, excessive salivation, drooling, blistering on the feet
Treatment- there is no treatment
Prevention- vaccines, quarantine, disinfection
116
Newcastle disease
An infectious viral disease affecting birds, spread through direct contact
Symptoms- breathing difficulties, coughing, twisted neck, reduced egg production
Treatment- there is no treatment
Prevention- vaccination and isolation of infected animals
117
Equine infectious anaemia
This is a viral disease affecting horses which is transmitted by blood with biting horseflies acting as vectors
Symptoms- fever, tiredness, Loss of appetite, weight loss, weakness, depressed behaviour and anaemia
Treatment- there is no available treatment
Prevention- using disposable needles, limit contact with wild animals, isolate if symptoms display, euthanised animals
118
What is a zoonotic disease?
A disease which can be passed onto humans from animals
119
Ringworm
This is a fungus which lives in the top layer of the skin and in hair follicles, it is spread through direct contact and is not life threatening
Symptoms- circular patches, red and scabby skin, hair or fur loss, dry and brittle coat, brittle claws
Treatment- tropical treatments, creams, shampoos, ointments, anti-fungal oral medication, cleaning of animals environment, remove infected hair
Prevention- keeping environment clean, vaccinations
120
Salmonella
This is a bacterial infection of the intestine which many animals carry without becoming ill. The bacteria is present in faeces and then can contaminate the environment. Can also be caused by eating contaminated meat
Symptoms- diarrhoea, vomiting, fever and loss of appetite
Prevention- keeping animals areas clean, humans should thoroughly wash their hands after touching animals to avoid contracting the disease
121
Campylobacter
A bacterial infection that lives in the gut, most animals do not get in,. The bacteria is particularly common in poultry but they rarely contract the disease
Symptoms- fever, diarrhoea, lack of appetite and vomiting
Treatment- antibiotics are available for acute cases involving pets
Prevention- vaccination, keeping animals living areas clean, control of animals faeces to prevent contamination
122
Cat scratch fever
This is a bacterial infection carried by cats but they rarely get ill, is spreads between cats through a flea vector, however it can affect other animals
Symptoms- fever, swelling of lymph nodes, coughing, lesions on the skin, weight loss, tiredness
Treatment- antibiotics
Prevention- prevention of fleas and ticks
123
Leptospirosis
A bacterial disease spread through the urine of animals, often passed on through contaminated water
Symptoms- Vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, weakness, loss of appetite
Treatment- antibiotics
Prevention- rodents such as rats and mice are often responsible for infection, vaccinations
124
Lyme disease
A bacterial disease transmitted by a tick vector
Symptoms- fever, swelling of joints, loss of appetite, lameness
Treatment- antibiotics
Prevention- avoid wild areas where the ticks are found e.g. woods, marshes, tall grasses and clear overgrown vegetation near animals. Vaccinations are available
125
Psittacosis
Caused by a bacteria which is also known as parrot fever, spread through droppings or other bodily secretions
Symptoms- eye discharge, breathing problems, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, lethargy
Treatment- antibiotics are available but have mixed results due to the nature of the organism
Prevention- disinfection and cleanliness, avoidance of wild birds
126
Cheyletiella
Mites that live on the surface of the skin that look like dandruff, moser common on dogs cats and rabbits. Also known as walking dandruff
Symptoms- white flakes in hair, itching, loss of hair or fur
Treatment- the usual treatments for removing mites e.g. mites, sprays, shampoos, medicated dips
Prevention- prevent contact with infected animals
127
Sarcoptic mange
A disease of the skin caused by a kite that burrows through the skin. Spread through direct contact or via fomites
Symptoms- itching, loss of hair on fur, skin rash, red lesions
Treatment- medicated shampoos, dips, antibiotic oral treatment
Prevention- Infected animals should be quarantined and all areas should be washed and disinfected
128
Toxoplasmosis
This is a parasite found in most mammals but cats are a host for its lifecycle, which means it can only lay eggs in cats . Cat faeces and its environment are then contaminated. The disease causes pregnant sheep and goats to abort. It can also cause pregnant woman to loose their baby which they are pregnant with
Symptoms- most cats will not show any symptoms, pregnant animal abort, harm unborn children
Prevention- there is no vaccinations
129
What are the core vaccines for dogs, when are they given and when is the booster due?
Canine distemper virus (CDV)- from 6-12 weeks, doses every 2-4 weeks until 16 weeks old. First booster at 6-12 months, booster every 3 years
Canine parvovirus virus (CPV)- 6-12 weeks old, booster 1-3 years
Canine adenovirus virus (CAV)- 6-12 weeks, booster 1-3 years
130
What are the non-core vaccines for dogs, when are they given and when is the booster due?
Canine leptospira- two doses, 2-4 weeks apart, booster 1 year
Canine parainfluenza virus- three doses, every 3-4 weeks once 6-8 weeks old, booster 1-3 years
Bordetella bronchiseptica- two doses, booster annually
Rabies- only normally required if travelling abroad
131
What are the vaccines for cats, when are they given and when is the booster due?
Feline infectious enteritis/ feline panleucopaenia/ feline parvovirus- there is a combined course of two vaccinations, at 9 and 12 weeks old. The booster is annual
Feline herpes- combined course of two vaccinations at 9 and 12 weeks old. Booster is annual
Feline Calicivirus- combines course of two vaccinations at 9 and 12 weeks old. Booster is annual
132
What are the vaccines for cats, when are they given and when is the booster due?
Feline leukaemia virus- non core vaccination, two initial vaccinations and few weeks apart, annual booster
Feline chlamydopholosis- non core vaccinations only given to higher risk cases
Rabies- only normally required when travelling abroad
133
What are the vaccines for rabbits, when are they given and when is the booster due?
Myxomatosis/ rabbit haemorrhagic disease- this is a combined vaccination, given after 5 weeks old. There is an annual booster
RHD2 (new strain of above)- 2 weeks later than the vaccine above, booster every 6-12 months
134
What are the vaccines for horses , when are they given and when is the booster due?
Tetanus- two vaccinations, 1st normally given to horses over 5 months old, second given 1-3 months later. Booster every two years
Equine influenza- three vaccinations, with 5 weeks between 1st and 2nd, 6 months between 2nd and 3rd. Annual booster
Equine herpes virus- two vaccinations, 1st normally given to horses over 5 months old, 2nd 4-6 weeks later. Booster every 6 months
Strangles- two to three vaccinations every 2-4 weeks. Booster every 3-6 months
Equine viral arteritis- for breeding stallions two vaccinations three weeks apart. Booster three weeks before breeding
135
Anorexia
This is a loss of appetite
Cause- can be caused by a change in environment, type of food, weather, problems with the mouth throat or teeth.
Signs- animal is not interested in food or does nor eat as much as normal
Treatment- look for other symptoms to diagnose the problem
136
Obesity
This is excess weight
Cause- too much food, too little exercise or both
Signs- very tired or slow after moderate exercise, visible excess fat around the stomach and rib cage
Treatment- increase exercise and examine the amount and type of food being fed, including treats
137
Vitamin A deficiency
Causes- lack of green plants, liver or dairy
Signs- night blindness, problems with reproduction, bad condition of hair and skin
Treatment- correct the diet
138
Vitamin D deficiency
Causes- lack of sun and/or dietary sources, such as fish, grains and hay
Signs- rickets, growth problems, weak legs, soft eggs laid by birds
Treatment- exposure to sun and the correct diet
139
Vitamin E deficiency
Cause- lack of fish Oils cereals liver green plants being eaten
Signs- muscular dystrophy and low fertility
Treatment- correct diet
140
Vitamin k deficiency
Cause- lack of green plants, alfalfa liver and fish
Signs- affects ability of blood to clot
Treatment- correct diet
141
B1- Thiamine deficiency
Cause- lack of grains and liver
Signs- anorexia poor coordination weakness convulsions
Treatment- correct diet
142
B2- riboflavin deficiency
Cause- lack of green plants fungi cow or goat milk. Ruminants can make there own
Signs- anorexia weight loss sin and eye lesions
Treatment- correct diet
143
B6 deficiency
Cause- lack of liver vegetables whole grain cereals nuts
| Signs- growth problems skin problems anaemia hair or fur loss. Convulsions
144
B12 deficiency
Cause- lack of meat, kidney, liver dairy fish. Ruminants can make their own but require cobalt to do so
Signs- growth problems anaemia loss of appetite
Treatment- for ruminants cobalt in diet for other animals just correct diet
145
Biotin deficiency
Cause- present in most food but low in corn, barley, wheat oats meat and fish
Signs- hair or fur loss, dermatitis and diarrhoea
Treatment- correct diet
146
Folic acid deficiency
Cause- lack of beans, nuts, citrus, green plants and meat. Ruminants can make some of their own
Signs- anaemia and growth problems
Treatment- correct diet and avoidance of folic acid inhibitors
147
B3- Niacin deficiency
Cause- most animals can make their own but cats cannot make enough and need dietary sources. Sources include pulses meat and organs
Signs- dermatitis, diarrhoea and oral ulcers
148
Vitamin c deficiency
Cause- primates and guinea pigs cannot make their own and need dietary sources. Other animals are rarely deficient
Signs- scurvy, fatigue and weakness
149
Calcium deficiency
Cause- key to the formation of strong bones and teeth. Lack of bone meal and meat
Signs- problems with the skeleton and teeth, responsible for milk fever in cattle and sheep which can lead to coma and death. An animal with early stages of milk fever cannot stand properly
Treatment- correct diet
150
Phosphorus deficiency
Cause- essential to the formation of strong bones and teeth. Caused by a lack of diary vegetables meat and cereals
Signs- problems with skeleton and teeth. Metabolic bone disorder in exotic animals is linked to low phosphorus
Treatment- correct diet
151
Potassium deficiency
Cause- prolonged diarrhoea or vomiting can cause this. Lack of fairy fish meat and vegetables
Signs- paralysis, loss of muscles mass. Urinating frequently and thirst
Treatment- correct diet
152
Sodium deficiency
Cause- prolonged diarrhoea or vomiting can cause this also a lack of normal food sources including salt
Signs- increased heart rate and thirst
Treatment- correct diet
153
Magnesium deficiency
Cause- illness or diarrhoea can lead to low levels of magnesium in the blood
Signs- problems with joins, muscle weakness, paralysis. Causes grass stagger in cattle and sheep which means they are unable to stand properly. Appear over alert aggressive can lead to death
Treatment- correct diet with lots of salt
154
Iron deficiency
Cause- blood loss from wounds or blood sucking parasites
Signs- anaemia, blood loss, growth problems
Treatment- can be found in meat liver and fish so this should be included in the diet
155
Zinc deficiency
Cause-high calcium diet can suppress zinc absorption as well as plant rich diet. Certain dog breeds such as huskies and malamutes have problems absorbing zinc
Signs- lesions and bad skin conditions, dull coat
Treatment- red meat, fish, cereals and grains should be put into the animals diet
156
Copper deficiency
Cause- most likely to affect sheep and cattle. Low level of copper in plants that animals feed on, excessive molybdenum and sulphur in plants and soil
Signs- hind leg weakness, loss of pigment in hair
Treatment- mineral supplements, copper rich fertilisers
157
Iodine deficiency
Cause- low levels of iodine in soil in which crops are grown
Signs- enlarged thyroid glands, reduced growth and weakness
Treatment- treat soil with selenium, rich fertilisers dietary sources are meat fish and bread
158
Protein Deficiency
Cause- proteins are made of amino acids. Different animals can make different amino acids. Taurine is an amino acid that cats cannot make and needs to be in their diet
Signs- impaired vision and tooth decay
Treatment- found in meat, fish and eggs should be added to the animals diet
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Arachidonic acid deficiency
Cause- an essential fatty acid that cats cannot make
Signs- poor skin, vision problems, reproductive issues. Problems with blood clotting
Treatment- found in meat so it should be added to animals diet
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Constipation
Cause- not the correct amount of fibre, eating non organic material. Blockage in the colon or anal passage. Some medication dehydrate
Signs- straining, crouching. Lack of stools
Treatment- medication laxatives, treatment of blockages. Access to water supply
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Diabetes
Cause- when insulin cannot be produced in sufficient quantities or the body does not respond to it correctly. Insulin is critical to the conversion of food into energy
Signs- frequently urinating, thirsty, hungry, weight loss, inactive and dull coat
Treatment- regular exercise helps prevent diabetes. If condition has developed then insulin will need to be injected into the body
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Urolithiasis
Cause- also known as urinary stones. These are caused by a build up of solids in the urinary tract
Signs- blood in Urine , pain when urinating. Frequent urination. Straining
Treatment- invasive surgery, non invasive surgery, diet change. Medicine
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Laminitis
Cause- affecting horses and donkeys. It is an inflammation of the tissues that connect the wall of the hoof to the pedal bone in the hood. Caused by eating too much grass, as a result of infection. Side effect of some drugs
Signs- growth rings on the wall of the hoof, flared out toes, walking gingerly, Higher temperature of the wall and some
Treatment- drugs and hoof trimming
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Equine metabolic syndrome
Cause- caused by insulin resistance that means higher level of glucose in the blood which leads to abnormal fat deposits in the neck shoulder head and above the eyes
Signs- fat deposits, obesity and difficult loosing weight. Excessive thirst
Treatment- balanced diet and exercise
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What is topical route of administration?
These are treatments applied to the surface of the body such as the skin or eyes. This treatments includes cream lotions and shampoos
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What is the enteral route of treatment?
These are treatments that pass through the oesophagus stomach or intestines. In practise this means medication given by mouth either in feed water or tablets but not can also include treatments given rectally
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What is the parental route of treatment?
These are treatments that are internal but do not pass into the stomach. They include injections into a vein (intravenous or IV) , muscle (intramuscular or IM) or under the skin (subcataneous or SC)
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Frequency of drug administration.
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SID Or s.i.d- once a day
BID or b.I.d- twice a day
TID or t.I.d- three times per day
QID or q.I.d- four times per day
PRN- according to needs
Qxh- once every x hours
Qxd- once every x days
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Vets
Veterinary medicine can only be carried out in the uk by licensed professionals known as veterinary surgeons vets. This is enshrined in law. Vets are licensed by the royal college of veterinary surgeons
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Pharmacists
Pharmacists are professionally qualified people who are registered by the general pharmaceutical council or pharmaceutical society of Northern Ireland. Veterinary pharmacists have permission to dispense certain medicine for animals in line with their legal responsibilities
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Suitably qualified persons
SQP are entitled to prescribe or supply some animal medicinal products under the veterinary medicines regulations
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POM-V
Prescription only medicines- vets
Means only can be prescribed by a veterinary surgeon after clinical examination
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POM-VPS
Prescription only medicine- vet, pharmacist or SQP
Can only be prescribed by these
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NFA-VPS
Non food animal- vet, pharmacists or SQP
Means that it can not be given to any animal in the food trade
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AVM-GSL
Authorised veterinary medicine- general sales list
This means that there is no legal restrictions anyone can sell these
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Narcotic
A drug that dulls the senses and induces sleep
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Psychotropic
A drug that affects mental state
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What are the aims of first aid
Preserve liven
Protect from further harm
Reduce pain and suffering
Promote recovery
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What is a minor first aid situation
These are conditions where first aid can either deal with the problem entirely or keep the animal comfortable until a suitable appointment with a vet
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What are some minor first aid situations
Superficial wounds ie scratches and cuts that are not deep
Mild heatstroke
Minor allergies
Insect bites or stings
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What is an immediate first aid situation
Conditions that are not life threatening but require prompt attention to either stabilise the situation or make the animal comfortable. A vet will need to be seen promptly
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What are some immediate first aid situations
Any non superficial wounds
Bone fractures dislocations and breaks
Any wounds or problems with the disease and eyes
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What is life threatening first aid situations
These are conditions in which the animal is likely to die unless immediate intervention is made and a vet will need to be seen immediately
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What are some examples of life threatening situations
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Poisoning
Severe burns
Severe wounds
Uncontrollable breathing
Severe allergic reactions
Obstructions to airway
Severe breathing problems
Weak pulse
Animal is unconscious
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What t do with a first aid situation
Stay calm
Get help as soon as possible by contacting vets
Ensure you are not putting yourself or others at further risks before taking any action
Check the airway is clear, animal is breathing and check pulse is normal
Stop any bleeding
May need to treat the animal for shock
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Adhesive tape
Used to dress wounds and keep them clean
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Sterile dressing material
| Cotton wool
Cotton wool can be used for padding and dressing material is used on the site of a wound
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Rectal thermometer
For accurate temperature measurements
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Tweezers
To remove thorns splinters stings etc
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Gloves hand sanitiser
To prevent cross contamination and for protection against infection and chemicals used in treatment and medicines
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Scissors
For cutting bandages tape dressing material fur etc
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Eye wash antiseptic solution
In case of debris in eyes
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Blanket
To keep the animal warm after an incident but can also be used to make a makeshift stretcher
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Poultice
A soft moist compound that is applied to the skin to draw out infections these are commercially available
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Shock
Lack of blood supply to the major organs and or brain. It can be triggered by a range of events. Life threatening condition and needs to be treated immediately
196
Symptoms of shock
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White gums
Faint quick heartbreak
Quick breaths
Being cold to the touch
Slow capillary refill time
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First aid treatment of shock
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Keep animal warm
Prevent any blood loss
Keep airways clear
Stop animal from moving around
Keep head lower than the body
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Convulsions
Also known as fits or seizures. These result from abnormal electrical activity in the brain which interferes with normal processes. Result in a lack of control of the muscles
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First aid treatment of convulsions
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Move any objects which may injure them
Keep noise to the minimum
Turn any bright lights off
Try not to touch the animal
Do not put anything near the animals mouth
Call vets
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200
Fractures
Name for a broke bone. Break might be a full break or an incomplete one. More complicated fractures result when the bone penetrates the skin causing it to bleed
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First aid treatment for fractures
Keep the animal calm
Muzzle animal if it is aggressive
Cover any bleeding with sterile dressing
Try stop animal from using that certain limb
Don’t try and reposition any limbs
Call vets
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First aid treatment for wounds
If there is bleeding try and stop bleeding by applying pressure
If not bleeding clean the wound using an antiseptic and then dress and cover if minor wound
Cold compress
Ice wrapped in a towel
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Dislocation
This is when a bone has been take out of position at the joint
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First aid treatment of dislocation
Stop animal from moving the affected bone
| Putting a bone back to the correct position should be left to the vets
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First aid treatment of choking
Restrain the animal
Check the airway for obvious blockages
If blockage does not come out then grasp both hands just below the rib cage and pull them sharply towards you, this can dislodge the object
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Poisoning
Animals can be poisoned through eating or breathing in a toxic substance or through exposure to the skin. If you think an animal has been poisoned then try and establish what has poisoned them
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Symptoms of poison
Stomach pain
Unsteady on feet
Salivating vomiting
Slow capillary refill time
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First aid treatment of poisoning
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Do not induce vomiting
Keep animal Warm
Keep animal comfortable
Place in recovery position
Note down the likely source of poison if known
Go to vet immediately
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Burns and scalds
Burns can range from first degree to third degree. Vet should be called for second and third degree burns
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First aid treatment of burns and scales
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Restrain the animal
Cool the area by applying a cloth soaked in cold water
Do not apply any creams or ointments
Do not break any blisters
See a vet immediately
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First aid treatment for bites and stings
If the sting is still in the animal then try to remove it
| Apply ice or a cold compress to the sting for pain relief
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Foreign bodies
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If they have penetrated the skin then
Do not remove the item
Reduce the size of the item so that is protrudes by only a few cm
Restrict movement of animal
Attempt to control any bleeding
Seek veterinary treatment ASAP
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Haemorrhage
Heavy bleeding, this is dangerous because it can lead to an animal loosing a lot of blood quickly which can cause shock or lead to tissue damage
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Symptoms of haemorrhage
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Pale gums
Rapid pulse and or breath
Slow capillary refill time
Coughing up blood
Blood present in the faeces
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First aid treatment of haemorrhage
Place a clean absorbent dressing material onto affected point
Make sure there are no foreign objects in the wound
Put pressure on wound
Apply a tourniquet
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Dressing layer
If there is a wound then the first layer is to dress the wound as it is in direct contact with the skin this layer should not be adhesive as it will stick and cause further damage to the skin
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Primary or padding layer
This layer provides protection and padding to the area
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Secondary layer
Normally a layer adapts to the shape or the body so it can hold the whole thing in place
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Tertiary layer
For further support and to provide a final layer of protection
220
How to restraint mice and rats
May be held up by the base of the tail but not for a long period of time. Can also hold the base or the rail with one hand and grasp the back of the neck with the other
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How to restrain Rabbits
Grasp the scruff of the neck and gently lift whilst using your other arm to cradle and support the back and hind legs
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How to restrain cats
One hand to restrain the head the other restraining the body. Grasp scruff. Use heavy towel over the cat
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How to restrain a dog
Collars and leads are the most common restraint method used for dogs
