health and disease Flashcards
(25 cards)
cardio vascular
-heart related
-blood vessel relate
disease
problem with an organ or a process that is not caused by injury
main causes of CVD
-obesity
-genetic factors
-smoking
symptoms of CVD
-high blood pressure (heart attack)
-blocked arteries (stroke)
equation for B.M.I
(Body Mass Index)
mass(kg)/ height squared (m squared)
evaluating risk of CVD
waist to hip ratio is a better indicator of distribution of fat in the body
BMI values
-20 normal
-720 overweight
-730 obese
world health organisation
defines health as a state of
-physical
-mental
-and not the absence of disease
why countries report disease case per million
-each size of country /population is different
-comparisons for other countries
communicable disease
passed from person to person by pathogens cannot be inherited
non communicable
cant be passed form person to person
treatments for cardiovascular disease
-bypass surgery to reopen closed or blocked arteries
-lifestyle changes
-life-long medication to reduce blood pressure
how do stents work for cvd
-inserted into blood vessel and is expanded
-stent widens blood vessel
-greater blood flow
-mor oxygen delivered to body
how gastric band helps loose weight
-reduces volume of stomach
-so reduces food intake
-so stores fats are used up
how exercise helps loose weight
-requires energy from respiration
reducing fat
how stopping smoking dectreses cvd
-less damage to alveoli so reduced effect on surface of lung
-less fatty deposited build up in arteries so less chance of heart attack / stroke
-risk of blood clotting is reduced
HIV
virus that destroys white blood cells, leading to aids (sexual contact)
tuberculosis
causes lung damage is spread by air
malaria
causes blood and liver damage spread by animal vectors
chlamydia
spread by exchanged of bodily fluids (sexual contact)
how immune system defends against disease
- exposure to pathogens that have antigens
-phagocytes that engulf pathogens
-stimulate immune response
-antibodies produces by lymphocytes
-destruction of pathogens
white blood cell count changes when infected
whie blood cells kill bacteria to produce antibodies
testing drugs
-development
-pre-clinical testing (animals)
-test on cultured cells
-clinical trials
-tested by healthy volunteers
-double blind trials on patients
describe physical barriers to disease
-mucus
-mucus traps pathogens
-tears wash pathogen away
-skin is waterproof and thick covering body
-pathogen unable to enter
-ear wax traps pathogens
-clots/scabs over wounds prevent pathogens
