health and diseases Flashcards
(54 cards)
1
Q
what is health
A
state of complete physical mental and social well being
2
Q
typhoid causal agent
A
salmonella typhi
3
Q
symptoms of typhoid
A
sustained high fever weakness, stomach pain constipation headache loss of appetite
4
Q
test for typhoid
A
widal test
5
Q
pneumonia causal agent
A
streptococcus pneumoniae
haemophilus influenzae
6
Q
what happens in pneumonia
A
infects the alveoli. it gets filled with fluid leading to severe problems in respiration.
7
Q
symptoms of pneumonia
A
fever chills cough headache discoloring of finger n nails,,,,,,,
8
Q
bacterial diseases
A
typhoid pneumonia dysentery plague diphtheria
9
Q
viral diseases caused by
A
rhino viruses- common cold
10
Q
different species of plasmodium
A
p. malaria
p. vivax
p. falciparum (most dangerous as it causes malignant malaria)
11
Q
what is the vector of malaria
A
female anopheles mosquito
12
Q
which toxic substance is responsible for chills and high fever during malaria
A
haemozoin - released due to rupture of rbcs
13
Q
life cycle of mosquito
A
- when a female anopheles mosquito bites a human, the sporozoits from its saliva are released into the blood stream.
- within half an hour these sporozoits travel to the liver . the parasites reproduce asexually in the liver cells, bursting the cell releasing into the blood.
- these parasites reproduce asexually in the red blood cells resulting in their rupture hence causing the release of a toxic substance haemozoin which is responsible for the chills and high fever.
- simultaneosly, gametocytes develop in the rbcs
- when another female anopheles mosquito bites the infected human the gametocytes enter the mosquito’s body to undergo fertilization and development in its gut
14
Q
causal agent of amoebiasis/ amoebic dysentery
A
entamoeba histolytica
15
Q
symptoms of amoebic dysentery
A
constipation
abdominal pain
cramps
stool with excess mucous and blood clots
16
Q
vectors for amoebic dysentary
A
houseflies
17
Q
how is amoebic dysentery transmitted
A
- the stool of a person infected with amoebic dysentery contains tetranucleated cyst of entamoeba
- houseflies sitting on it pick up the cyst in their mouths
- when these flies sit on food they deposit the cyst on it. this mode of transmission is called the feco-oral route
- upon consumption, the cyst from the food travels to the large intestine of humans where it divides into two- magna(trophozoit) and minuta.
- magna starts to eat the mucosa and the sub mucosa layers causing perforation
- minuta undergoes fission to form a tetranucleated cyst for propagation.
- this cyst is passed down in the stool and ready to be picked up by the houseflies.
18
Q
causal agent for ascariasis
A
ascaris
19
Q
symptoms of ascariasis
A
internal bleeding muscular pain fever anemia blockage of intestinal passage
20
Q
causal agent for elephantiasis/ filariasis
A
filarial worm/ wuchereria (w. bancrofti and w. malayi)
21
Q
vector for elephantiasis
A
female mosquito
22
Q
causal agent for ringworm
A
microsporum trichophyton
epidermophyton
23
Q
symptoms of ringworm
A
appearence of dry and scaly lesions
intense itching
24
Q
how many types of immunity are there
A
innate
acquired
25
what is innate immunity
immunity that is present since birth
it is non specific
accomplished by providing different types of barriers to the entry of foreign agents in our body
26
4 types of barriers in innate immunity
1. physical- skin, mucus lining
2. physiological- hcl in stomach, saliva, tears
3. cellular- wbc, macrophages
4. cytokine- interferons
27
what is acquired immunity
develops on exposure
it is specific
when our body counters a pathogen for the first time it produces primary response which is of low intensity. subsequent encounter with the same pathogen elicit a highly intensified secondary response
28
what are antibodies
b-lymphocytes release an army of proteins in response to pathogens into our blood to fight with them. these are called antibodies.
29
what is humoral immune response
the antibodies are found in blood therefore the response is called humoral immune response
30
what is cmi
caused by t-lymphocytes (is the cause of graft rejection)
31
what is graft rejection
Graft rejection occurs when the recipient's immune system attacks the donated graft and begins destroying the transplanted tissue or organ. this happens because the body is able to differentiate between self and non-self due to cmi
32
what is active and passive immunity
when a host is exposed to antigens, which may be in the form of living or dead microbes or other proteins, antibodies are produced in the host body. this type of immunity is called active immunity.
when ready made antibodies are given directly to protect the body against foreign agents it is called passive immunity
33
example of passive immunity
colostrum has IgA
| foetus also receives antibodies from placenta
34
what is an allergy
the exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment. it is due to the release of chemicals like histamine and serotonin from the mast cells.
antibody- IgE
35
what are auto-immune diseases
sometimes due to genetic and other unknown reasons, the body attacks self cells. this results in damage to the body and is called auto immune disease. eg- rheumatoid arthritis
36
describe lymphatic organs
organs where origin and/or maturation of lymphocytes take place.
primary lymphoid organs are bone marrow and thymus. here immature lymphocytes differentiate into antigen sensitive lymphocytes.
secondary lymphoid organs are spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix which act as a site for interaction of lymphocytes and antigen.
37
what is MALT
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
38
how is HIV transmitted
sexual contact with infected person
sharing infected needles
transfusion of contaminated blood
from infected mother to her child thru placenta
39
how does hiv spread in the body
1. the virus enters into macrophages where rna of the virus replicates to form viral dna with the help of the enzyme reverse transcriptase
2. the viral dna gets incorporated into host cell's dna and directs the infected cells to produce virus particles
3. the macrophages continue to produce virus and act as HIV factory
4. simultaneously hiv enters into t-lymphocytes, replicates and produces progeny viruses
5. the progeny viruses attack other t-lymphocytes
40
which test is used for detecting AIDS
ELISA- enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay
41
what is a tumor
masses of cells formed by cancerous cells
42
list the 2 type of tumors
benign- remain confined to original location and do not spread
malignant- grow v rapidly, invading and damaging surrounding tissues, spread to other parts of the body
43
properties of cancer cells
no contact inhibition
metastatis (most feared)
protooncogens to oncogens
high telomerase production
44
agents of cancer
carcinogens
45
types of carcinogens
```
physical-
ionising- x rays, gamma rays
non-ionising- UV rays
chemical- tobacco, alcohol
biological- viruses
```
46
how do u diagnose cancer
biopsy
radiography [x ray]
ct scan [x ray]
MRI [magnetic field] SAFEST
47
treatment of cancer
surgery
chemotherapy
radiation therapy
immuno therapy
48
how is heroine prepared
acetylation of morphine
49
what are opioids
bind to specific opioid receptors presnet int CNS and gastrointestinal tract
50
what are cannabinoids
react with cannabinoid receptors present in the brain
51
products of cannabinoids
hashish
charas gaanja
bhaang
52
drugs that cause hallucinations
cannabinoids
| excessive cocains
53
drugs that stimulate
cocaine
atropa belladonna
amphetamine
54
opioids
morphine
| heroine
