human reproduction Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
what are the 2 types of gametogenesis
A
oogenesis and spermatogenesis
2
Q
egg laying organisms are called
A
oviparous
3
Q
organisms which give birth to living organisms are called
A
viviparous
4
Q
transfer of sperms into female genital tract is called
A
insemination
5
Q
primary sex organ in males
A
testis (as gamete formation takes place)
6
Q
pouch in which testis is stored is called
A
scrotum/scrotal sac
7
Q
why is testis located outside the body
A
sperm formation requires temperature that is 2-3 degree lesser than the body temp.
8
Q
how is the testis connected to the abdominal cavity
A
inguinal canal
9
Q
abdominal muscles are what kind of muscles
A
skeletal
10
Q
muscle that covers the testis, moves it, and lowers/ raises the temperature acc to the need is called
A
cremaster muscle (skeletal)
11
Q
muscle beneath cremaster
A
dartos (smooth)
12
Q
how many testicular lobules are there
A
250
13
Q
where does sperm production take place
A
seminiferous tubules
14
Q
how many seminiferous tubules are there in one lobule
A
1-3
15
Q
which cells release androgens
A
leydig cells
16
Q
leydig cells are also called
A
interstitial cells
17
Q
main androgen
A
testosterone
18
Q
somatic cells of the testis that are essential for testis formation and are present inside seminiferous tubules are called
A
sertoli cells
19
Q
another name for sertoli cells
A
nurse cells/ sustentacular cells
20
Q
sperms are produced by
A
spermatogonia
21
Q
shape and size of testis
A
oval: 4-5cm length 2-3 cm width
22
Q
what is the function of sertoli cells
A
to provide nutrition
23
Q
______ carries sperms from seminiferous tubules to testis
A
tubuli recti
24
Q
network of tubes in testis
A
rete testis
25
_____ carries sperms from rete testis to outside of testis
vasa efferentia
26
a highly convoluted duct behind the testis, along which sperm passes to the vas deferens
epididymis
27
correct sequence of path of sperms
seminiferous tubules>tubuli recti>rete testis>vasa efferentia>epididymis
28
longest tube in male reproductive system
epididymis
29
function of epididymis
storage of sperms
30
tube that carries sperms outside the scrotum
vas deferens
31
what is the dense covering of testis
tunica albuginea
32
which gland is the first to pour its secretion in the sperms
seminal vesicle
33
tube made by the conjunction of vas deferens and seminal vesicle
ejaculatory duct
34
secretion of seminal vesicle
fructose
35
secretion of prostrate gland
calcium and phosphate ions
36
secretion of bulbourethral
mucus for lubrication
37
external opening of urethra
urethral meatus
38
enlarged end of penis
glans penis
39
loose fold of skin covering the penis
foreskin
40
maturation and motility and death of sperms takes place in
epididymis
41
what happens if the sperms are not ejaculated
death
42
semen is also called
seminal plasma
43
seminal plasma + sperms
semen
44
foreskin is also called
prepuce
45
primary sex organ in females
ovaries
46
length of oviduct/fallopian tubes
10-12 cm
47
starting part of fallopian tube which is thin
isthmus
48
mid part of fallopian tube which is wide
ampulla
49
funnel shaped structure in the end of fallopian tube
infundibulum
50
finger like structure that connects fallopian tube to ovary
fimbriae
51
name the 3 linings of uterus from outside to inside
perimetrium, myometrium (smooth), endometrium
52
shape of uterus
inverted pear shaped
53
lower end of the uterus
cervix
54
A spindle-shaped canal extending from the isthmus of the uterus to the opening of the uterus into the vagina.
cervical canal
55
vagina+cervical canal
birth canal
56
size of ovary
2-4cm in length
57
substance of ovary
stroma
58
parts of ovary
stroma, medulla, cortex
59
through which ligament is the ovary connected to the uterus
mesovarium
60
each ovary is covered by thin epithelium, name it
germinal epithelium
61
accessory ducts in female reproductive system
fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
62
cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hair
mons pubis
63
fleshy folds of tissue which extend down from mons pubis and surround the vaginal opening
labia majora
64
paired fold of tissue under labia majora
labia minora
65
area between labia minora
vestibule
66
membrane covering the opening of vagina
hymen
67
finger like structure which lies at the junction of 2 labia minora above the urethral opening
clitoris
68
mammary glands are modified ____ glands
sweat
69
a coloured ring around the nipple is
areola
70
where does milk production take place
mammary lobes
71
how many mammary lobes are there per breast
15-20
72
which hormone stimulates the production of milk in alveoli of mammary lobes
prolactin
73
mammary tubules join to form _____
mammary duct
74
write the sequence in which milk passes from mammary lobes to the nipple
mammary tubule> mammary duct > mammary ampulla > lactiferous duct
75
which hormone helps in milk ejection
oxytocin
76
formation of gametes
gametogenesis
77
immature male germ cells
spermatogonia
78
primary spermatocytes are (haploid/diploid)
diploid
79
what happens after meiosis of primary spermatocyte
secondary spermatocyte(n)> spermatids (n)
80
another name for sperms
spermatozoa
81
process of conversion of spermatids to sperms
spermiogenesis
82
release of sperms from the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells is called
spermiation
83
how many number of sperms are secreted in one ejaculation
200-300 million
84
which component of sperm helps the sperm penetrate the egg's coats.
acrosome
85
what is present inside the middle piece of a sperm
mitochondria
86
name the formation in which mitochondria are kept inside the sperm
nebenkern
87
oocyte that arises from oogonium after the process of oogenesis
primary oocyte
88
each primary oocyte when surrounded by granulosa cells is called
primary follicle
89
degeneration of follicles
follicular atresia
90
what does secondary follicle consist of
multilayered granulosa cells and theca cells
91
name the smaller cell after meiosis 1 in primary oocyte
first polar body
92
noncellular layer located between the surface of the oocyte and the granulosa cell layer
zona pellucida
93
name the fluid filled cavity found in tertiary follicle
antrum
94
first menstruation
menarche
95
permanent stopping of menstruation
menopause
96
menstrual cycle takes place in
female primates
97
phases in menstrual cycle
menstruation, follicular phase, luteal phase
98
another name for follicular phase
proliferative phase
99
which hormone is released to inhibit the production of fsh.
inhibin
100
Graafian follicle bursts due to the surge of ______
LH
101
life of ovum
24 hrs
102
time taken for implantation
7 days
103
what does endometrium release in the secretory phase/ luteal phase
glycogen
104
what does corpus luteum release
progesterone
105
in which phase does corpus luteum die
luteal phase/secretory phase
106
life of corpus luteum
14 days
107
name the coverings of Graafian follicle in order
secondary oocyte> zona pellucida> corona radiata> granulosa cells> antrum> theca cells
108
what is left when the Graafian follicle bursts
secondary oocyte> zona pellucida> corona radiata
109
what is it called when vaginal secretions remove proteins and carbohydrates from the plasma membrane of sperms.
capacitation reaction
110
site of fertilization
ampulla
111
name the receptor present on zona pellucida
zp3 receptors (recognize human sperms)
112
fertilised cell is called
zygote ( totipotent cell )
113
the first division of cells in the early embryo
cleavage
114
cells in cleavage stage embryo
blastomeres
115
8-16 cell stage of embryo
morula
116
components of blastocyst
trophoblast (cells at the corner), embryoblast/inner cell mass (knob like structure), blastocoel (cavity filled w glycogen)
117
stages of implantation
zygote> blastomeres> morula> blastomere
118
on which day does implantation take place
7th day after fertilisation
119
hCG maintains ____ for next 3 months
corpus luteum
120
hCG mimics the action of ______
LH
121
finger like projections on the trophoblast
chorionic villi
122
_____ and _____ become interdigitated and jointly form a structure called placenta
chorionic villi; uterine tissue
123
_______ is a temporary endocrine gland
placenta
124
full form of hCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
125
hPL stands for
human placental lactogen
126
hormones released by placenta
hCG, hPL
127
who releases relaxin
ovary
128
what are the three germ layers
ectoderm mesoderm endoderm
129
formation of 3 germ layers
gastrulation (3rd week of fertilization)
130
mild uterine contractions are called
foetal ejection reflex
131
which hormone facilitates parturition
oxytocin
132
production of milk after pregnancy
lactation
133
milk produced during initial few days of lactation
colostrum
