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2023 SEM 1 PMLS 1 > health care waste management > Flashcards

health care waste management Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What percentage of health care facilities had adequate waste disposal systems in 2015, according to WHO/UNICEF?

A

only 58% of sampled facilities
from 24 countries

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2
Q

what are healthcare wastes

A

solid or liquid medical wastes generated by:
Diagnosis, treatment, immunization (DTI)
Human DTI research
Animal research for human health
Production/testing of biological products
Other health facility activities

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3
Q

According to WHO, what percent of health care waste is non-hazardous?

A

75–90% is non-hazardous
only 10–25% is hazardous (infectious, toxic, or radioactive)

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4
Q

high income countries - produce ____ of hazardous waste
low income countries - produce ____ of hazardous waste

A

0.5kg
0.2kg

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5
Q

true or false
proper segregation of hazardous and non hazardous waste in low income countries tends to be the less implemented, thus making the real quantity of hazardous waste much higher

A

true

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6
Q

identify the category of health care waste:
that can cause cuts, pricks or puncture wounds

A

sharps
*it is considered the most dangerous health care waste

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7
Q

identify the category of health care waste:
expired, split and contaminated pharmaceutical products, drugs and vaccine

A

pharmaceutical waste

examples:
Empty drug vials
Medicine bottles
Syringes/needles with cytotoxic drugs

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7
Q

identify the category of health care waste:
discarded chemicals (solid, liquid or gaseous) generated during disinfection and sterilization procedures.

A

chemical waste

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8
Q

identify the category of health care waste:
refers to waste exposed to radionuclides including radioactive diagnostic materials or radiotherapeutic

A

radioactive waste

examples:
Co-90, Tc-99, I-131, Ir-192
Irradiated blood products
Patient’s excretion (within 48 hrs)
Contaminated materials from nuclear medicine

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9
Q

identify the category of health care waste:
waste that have not been in contact with communicable or infectious agents, hazardous chemicals or radioactive substances

A

general waste/ non hazardous
- not contaminated with infectious agents or hazardous substances

examples:
Office waste
Paper, plastic bottles
Leftover food from non-infectious patients

subtype of non-hazardous waste:
a. Recyclable
b. Biodegradable (e.g. leftover food)
c. Non-recyclable/non-biodegradable (e.g., packaging materials)

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10
Q

identify the category of health care waste:
tissue sections and body fluids or organs derived from biopsies, autopsies or surgical procedures sent to the lab for examination

A

pathological and anatomical waste

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11
Q

identify the category of health care waste:
it refers to all waste suspected to contain pathogens or toxins in sufficient concentration that may cause disease to a susceptible host

A

infectious waste

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12
Q

it is considered the most dangerous health care waste

A

sharps

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13
Q

true or false
treatment and disposal of healthcare waste may pose health risks directly through the release of pathogens and toxics pollutants into the environment

A

false - indirectly

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14
Q

which disposal of health care is not allowed in Philippines

A

incineration

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15
Q

this is the most important step in proper management of healthcare wastes

A

green procurement policy

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16
Q

safely reusing, recycling and recovering waste are collectively termed as

A

resources development

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17
Q

it refers to either finding a new application for a used material or using the same product for the same application repeatedly

A

reusing

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18
Q

it refers to the processing of used materials into new products

A

recycling

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19
Q

recovery of waste can be defined in 2 ways:

A

energy recovery
recycling , composting and energy recovery

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20
Q

what color is the bin for
- infectious waste
- pathological and anatomical waste
- sharps
- chemical waste
- pharmaceutical waste
- radioactive waste
- general waste

A

infectious waste - yellow
pathological and anatomical waste - yellow
sharps - red
chemical waste - yellow
pharmaceutical waste - yellow
radioactive waste - orange
general waste - green

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21
Q

true or false
highly infectious waste may or may not be defected at source

A

false - must

infectious waste like:
Microbial cultures
Infected dressings
Sputum cups, blood bags
Urine/blood/vomit with pathogens
Food waste from infectious patients

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22
Q

how should anatomical waste including recognizable body parts, placenta waste and organs be disposed

A

through safe burial or cremation

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23
Q

true or false
anatomical waste must be refrigerated if not collected or treated within 24 hours

A

false - pathological waste

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24
true or false sharps must be shredded or crushed before they are transported to the landfill
true sharps like: Used syringes Blood lancets Surgical blades Broken glassware *these can cut, prick or puncture the skin, dangerous due to injury and infection risk
25
hazardous shall never be mixed or disposed down the ____ but shall be stored in strong chemical _______ or amber disposal bottles
drain resistant leak-proof containers
26
difference between sterilization and disinfection
sterilization - kills all microorganism disinfection -reduces the level of microorganism present in the material
27
identify the treatment and disposal of health care waste: it is a technology that typically incorporates some type of size reduction devices. shredding is done before disinfection
microwave treatment - shredded waste exposed to ≥100°C heat - microorganisms are destroyed by moist heat
28
identify the treatment and disposal of health care waste: chemicals are added to healthcare waste to kill or inactive present pathogens
chemical disinfection - 5% Sodium hypochlorite - H₂O₂ - peroxyacetic acid.
29
identify the treatment and disposal of health care waste: it uses enzyme mixture to decontaminate health care waste
biological process - uses enzyme mixtures to decontaminate, often in agricultural settings
30
identify the treatment and disposal of health care waste: it is the thermal decomposition if health care waste in the absence of supplied molecular oxygen in the destruction chambers where the waste is converted to gas, liquid, solid form
pyrolysis - high temp decomposition w/o oxygen - handles all HCW types - residues from pyrolysis: greasy aggregates metals carbon black landfilled afterward
31
identify the treatment and disposal of health care waste: use of steam sterilization to render waste and is an efficient wet thermal disinfection process
autoclave - steam sterilization at 121°C, 15 psi, for 15–30 min; kills all microbes
32
identify the treatment and disposal of health care waste: involved the filling of containers with waste, adding and immobilizing material and sealing the containers
encapsulation - water sealed in boxes/ drums with foam/ sand/ cement - disposal in landfills
33
identify the treatment and disposal of health care waste: it is suitable for pharmaceutical waste that involves the mixing of waste with cement and other subs before disposal
intertization - mixing pharmaceutical waste with cement before landfill disposal
34
after treatment, where do the health care waste are usually disposed in
landfills - an engineered site designed to keep waste isolated from the environment
35
it is an engineered site designed to keep waste isolated from the environment
landfill
36
where should the landfill secure proper permits before it can accept waste
from the DENR - department of environment and natural source
37
What are examples of health care waste generators?
Hospitals, medical centers Clinics, birthing homes, infirmaries Labs & research centers Drug manufacturers Institutions (e.g., rehab centers) Mortuary and autopsy centers
38
What types of clinics generate health care waste?
Medical Ambulatory Dialysis Health centers Surgical Dental Veterinary Alternative medicine
39
A type of pathological waste that refers to recognizable body parts, usually from amputations.
anatomical waste
40
What is chemical waste in health care?
Discarded solid, liquid, or gas chemicals used in disinfection or laboratory examples: Soaking solutions Mercury from thermometers Ammonia & hydrogen peroxide Used batteries Chlorine they are considered hazardous when: Toxic (harmful to health/environment) Corrosive (acid pH < 2 or base pH > 12) Flammable (flash point < 60°C) Reactive (explodes with water)
41
what are some examples of chemical waste
transes
42
what are the subtypes of non-hazardous waste
a. Recyclable b. Biodegradable (e.g. leftover food) c. Non-recyclable/non-biodegradable (e.g., packaging materials)
43
Who is at risk of exposure to health care wastes
Medical staff Patients and visitors Caregivers Waste haulers Garbage pickers General public *the 2 types of exposure to health care waste: - Chronic exposure: Small doses over long time - Acute exposure: Large dose over short time
44
What are two types of exposure to health care waste
Chronic exposure: Small doses over long time Acute exposure: Large dose over short time
45
Name some health outcomes from improper waste management
Sharp injuries Chemical burns Radiation burns Toxic drug exposure Air pollution from incineration Thermal injuries
46
What are the problems with untreated waste in landfills?
may contaminate drinking water, surface water, and groundwater
47
safer alternatives to incineration
Autoclaving Microwaving Steam treatment
48
What are the benefits of proper health care waste management
Protects patients & health workers Environmental protection Avoids legal penalties and reputational damage
49
what are the 5 international agreements pertaining to healthcare waste management
1. The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987) - eliminate ozone-depleting substances - protect the ozone layer - adopted: Sept. 16, 1987 in Montreal, Canada - enforced: Jan. 1, 1989 2. The Basel Convention on the Control of the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1989) - regulates transboundary movement of hazardous wastes - only allow export if the receiving country lacks disposal capacity - ensure safe disposal practices 3. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) - non-binding pledge by major nations - goal: reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2000 4. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001) - aim: eliminate persistent organic pollutants (POPs) - POPs: Stay long in environment Accumulate in fatty tissues Toxic to humans and wildlife 5. The ASEAN Framework Agreement on the Facilitation of Goods in Transit (1998) - framework for international transit system in ASEAN - includes protocol 9 on dangerous goods - provides guidelines for transporting toxic and infectious substances
50
this law requires hospitals to register & follow DOH standards
RA 4226 (Hospital Licensure Act) Related AO: AO 70-A s. 2002 - Hospital licensing includes waste management plan. AO 2005-0029 - Requires submission of HCWM plan for licensing. AO 2007-0027 - Waste disposal procedures mandatory for labs.
51
this law requires registration of waste generators, transporters
RA 6969 (Hazardous Substances Law) DAO 36 s. 2004: - Covers classification, TSD facilities, manifests, etc. DOH-DENR JAO 02 s. 2005: - Defines proper handling & disposal of HCW. AO 2007-0014: - Requires Certificate of Product Registration for HCW treatment devices.
52
this law bans incineration of biomedical waste as of July 2003.
RA 8749 (Clean Air Act) - promotes non--burns, eco-safe tech
53
this law enforces waste segregation at source including hospitals
RA 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act)
54
this law aims to protect and restore quality of Philippine water bodies
RA 9275 (Clean Water Act)
55
this law grants LLDA regulatory power over Laguna de Bay water use
PD 813 (1975) & EO 927 (1983)
56
this law regulates toilet design, sewage systems, and sludge disposal
PD 856 (Sanitation Code) – Chapter XVII (1998) - includes AO 2010-0033 (Disposal of Dead Persons) with rules for biohazard deaths
57
this law governs emissions to air and water
PD 984 (Pollution Control Law) - DAO 34 (Water Classification) DAO 35 (Effluent Rules) - DAO 26 (Pollution Control Officers)
58
this law is for when hospitals need ECC for new constructions and HCW treatment tech (autoclave, pyrolysis, etc.).
PD 1586 (EIS System)
59
this law promotes eco-conscious purchasing in government
EO 301 (Green Procurement Program)
60
this law bans mercury thermometers and BP apparatus.
AO 2008-0021 (Mercury Phaseout) - memo 2011-0145: Safe storage and handling guidelines for mercury waste.
61
this law promotes patient safety strategies, including proper waste handling.
AO 2008-0023 (Patient Safety Policy)
62
it is a practical guide with performance standards and implementation tools
DOH HCWM Manual (2011)
63
it considers HCWM a quality assurance metric
PhilHealth Benchbook (2006)
64
it prevents reuse of used pharmaceutical vials and bottles to stop counterfeit drugs
BFAD Circulars (1994 & 1999)
65
primary goal of the Health Care Waste Management System
safely manage HCW from generation to final disposal with an emphasis on minimization and environmental safety
66
What policy supports waste minimization in procurement
Green Procurement Policy
67
What are the two components of the end-of-pipe approach
Treatment and Disposal
68
waste treatment vs waste disposal
waste treatment: Changing the biological/chemical properties of waste to reduce harm. waste disposal: Final discharge of HCW into air, land, or water.
69
Why must all bins be covered?
to prevent cross-contamination
70
true or false: aerosol containers cannot be included with general waste
false - it can
71
what are the symbols used by the DENR environmental management bureau
(transes) - recyclable symbol - biohazard symbol - corrosive - old radiation symbol - new radiation symbol/ ionizing radiation sign - explosive symbol - cytotoxic symbol - infectious symbol - reactive symbol - flammable liquid symbol - flammable solid symbol - poison/ toxic symbol

2023 SEM 1 PMLS 1 (12 decks)

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