Health, Human Rights and Intervention Flashcards
(317 cards)
1
Q
What is GDP?
A
An economic development index, that looks at the total earnings within a country.
2
Q
What are some cons of using GDP?
A
It doesn’t include earnings abroad or the informal sector. It hides inequalities because an average is taken and doesn’t take into account social factors.
3
Q
What is GNI?
A
Gross national income. It looks at the earnings within a country and abroad.
4
Q
What is HDI?
A
Socioeconomic development indicator, that looks at life expectancy, level of Education and GNI.
5
Q
What are some cons of using HDI?
A
It hides inequalities that may be seen with regional variation. It only reflects long term changes, so you can’t see short term.
6
Q
What is HPI?
A
The Happy Planet Index It looks at environmental and social. factors to measure. sustainable well being within a country.
7
Q
What are some cons of using hpi?
A
There is missing data for over 50 countries. happiness and life satisfaction is subjective.
8
Q
What is the OECD?
A
Organisation for Economic cooperation and Development.
It is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 37 member countries founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.
9
Q
Which of the OECD countries have more equality?
A
Norway and Denmark with a gini coefficient score of 0.25.
10
Q
What OECD country has the worst inequality?
A
The United States with a gini coefficient score of 0.4.
11
Q
How has the gini coefficient scores of the OECD countries changed between 1985 and 2013?
A
The scores have increased, meaning there is more inequality in 2013.
12
Q
What is capitalism
A
Where people keep their profits and progression is encouraged. This means that focus is on economic growth.
13
Q
What is communism?
A
Where the working class owns land and resources, and wealth is shared across the country.
14
Q
What is socialism?
A
Where the government owns and operates the means for production, And people earn what they need so wealth is evenly distributed.
15
Q
What are the top three countries for GDP?
A
- USA
- China
- Germany
16
Q
What are the top three countries for HDI?
A
- Switzerland
- Norway
- Iceland
17
Q
What are the top three countries for HPI?
A
- Vanuatu
- Sweden
- El Salvador
18
Q
Why is there variation between the top three countries for each measure of development?
A
Each measure looks at different factors. So hdi and hpi also look at social well being as well as economic data. This. means that countries that invest more into social services score higher.
19
Q
Describe the trend in the progress of global literacy.
A
The world average for global literacy has increased since 1820 where. Brazil, USA, Russia and France all being above the world average, whilst India, Pakistan, Mali and Afghanistan are all below.
20
Q
Why are the variations in global literacy?
A
The level of economic development so some countries are able to invest more into education.
The government in power may lead to gender inequalities and corruption.
21
Q
Why is education important for women?
A
- improved access to healthcare
- more investment/research into illnesses affecting women
- provides skills for later life
- financial independence
- equality
- able to challenge abuse of human rights
- more power in decision making
22
Q
Why is education important for the whole population?
A
- creates an innovative, aspirational workforce
- social cohesion
- promotion of democracy
- economic potential is reached
- more advanced healthacre provides a healthier workforce
23
Q
What are PISA tests?
A
A way of evaluating education systems by testing the skills and knowledge of 15 year old students. It allows countries to see what systems are effective and learn from each other so that they can adapt programmes to improve education.
24
Q
How have PISA helped education reform?
A
In Germany. reading schools have improved because all day schools were made overall and standards and tests were created. whilst in Brazil, there was an increased enrollment of 15 year olds and mathematics scores improved from the lowest performing students
25
How does the UK rank in the PISA results?
The UK. ranks 14th 15th and 18th for science reading and maths. However, it scores lowest for student well being.
26
Who tops the pisa rankings?
Primarily Asian countries, including. Singapore, China. However, Estonia is the highest scoring in Europe.
27
Why are there large disparities in global life expectancy?
- varying levels of development.
- Climatic conditions
- availability/
accessibility of Healthcare
- Corruption
- Education
- Hazards and natural disasters
- conflict
- level of sanitation and water quality.
28
Why do levels of education vary within countries?
- inequalities between income groups
- gender indequality
29
Why do levels of education vary between countries?
- varying levels of development mean different amounts of money is invested into education
- PISA tests show Asian countries to score highest
30
What factors affect life expectancy?
- education
- income
- diet/lifestyle
- government legislations
- genetics
- environmental factors
- quality of healthcare systems
- socioeconomic status
- human behaviours
31
How can low life expectancy be linked to low schooling rates?
Education is needed to teach a healthy lifestyle. This means that in countries with limited income schooling may not be a priority. So less money is invested in health care.
32
How does HDI vary within Africa?
North and South Africa score highest for HDI this is. because they are not landlocked countries which provide which provides them with more trade routes.
Whereas Central Africa scores lower for HDI due to the countries being landlocked, Harsher weather conditions, income disparities and corruption,
33
what is the relationship between life expectancy and health expenditure?
As health expenditure increases, life expectancy tends to increase. However , the USA is an outlier to this trend as its life expectancy is reduced largely due to preventable lifestyle factors/choices.
34
what factors have influenced lower life expectancy across in USA?
- smoking
- obesity
- homicides
- opioid overdoses
- suicides
- road traffic accidents
- poverty + income inequality
- infant mortality
35
how does life expectancy vary across England?
Life expectancy is highest in London and the South East. It is lowest and the North East and West of England.
This correlates with levels of deprivation across the UK.
36
why does life expectancy vary across England?
- varying spending on healthy foods
- alcohol consumption
- smoking
- variations in earnings
- lifestyle factors that increase risk of heart disease and cancers
37
who are Australia's stolen generation?
Aboriginal children that were systematically taken from their families, communities and culture and placed in institutions.
This was under assimilation laws and policies that were adopted by the Australian government until 1970.
38
what have been the implications for Australia's stolen generation?
- Many suffered harsh degrading treatment and were frequently indoctrinated to leave aboriginal people were inferior
- grief, pain and trauma
- the loss of connections with family identity, land, language and culture.
This resulted in intergenerational trauma and many of the removed children didnt attend secondary school.
39
What was the government's response to the stolen generation?
The law stopped in 1970 and a final apology was made in 2008 by the Prime Minister.
40
What are the survivor groups calling for?
- Trauma-aware and healing-informed services
- Access to records.
- The national strategy to address intergenerational trauma.
- Monitoring progress towards better outcomes for stolen generations and their descendants.
- A National Centre for healing.
41
What is an example of a full stable democracy?
The UK.
42
What is an example of a Hybrid government regime?
Kenya
43
What is an example of an authoritarian government?
Russia
44
How can government type impact health?
- A full democracy means more money is often spent on healthcare and education, improving its access and technology. This leads to a healthier population to improve economic outputs.
- An authoritarian government also has high spending on health and education. because a healthy workforce is required.
- Hybrid schemes tend to have little. government spending on healthcare and education due to corruption, as most money is going to those in power.
45
What are the neoliberal views of development IGOs promote?
- free trade
- capitalism
- privatisation
- deregulating financial markets
46
What have IGO social development programmes focused on improving?
- Environmental quality
- health
- education
- human rights.
47
What are the millennium development goals?
A set of eight goals created by the UN that ran between 2000 and 2015 aimed at social progress and fighting poverty to reduce the development gap.
48
How successful were the millennium development goals?
There was progress towards all eight goals. However, some were more successful than others.
The most successful were reducing poverty and combating HIV/aids. Were reducing maternal mortality rate and environmental sustainability
49
What are the global goals for sustainable development?
A set of 17 goals created by the UN in 2015. There were have the aim of being achieved by 2030. They aimed to end poverty, tackle climate change, protect the planet and show prosperity for all and fight inequality and injustices.
50
What are human rights?
The rights where you have because you are human
51
What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
The list of thirty human rights created by the UN, it is the most agreed on list.
52
Why is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights considered a living document?
It can be changed and updated with the times.
53
Which countries did not sign the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
- Soviet trade bloc
- South Africa
- Saudi Arabia.
54
Why didn't Saudi Arabia sign the UDHR?
They claimed that some of the rights listed did not comply with Islamic law.
55
Why did South Africa not sign the UDHR?
To protect apartheid policies as they violated several human rights.
56
Why did the Soviet trade bloc not sign the UDHR?
There were concerns about individual rights versus collective rights and national sovereignty.
57
What are criticisms of the UDHR?
- it refelcts strong Western values
- not legally binding
- fails to adequately address the rights of future generations
58
What is the UDHR?
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
59
What is the ECHR?
The European Convention on Human Rights.
60
What is the European Court of Human Rights?
The court that enforces the human rights outlined by the European Convention on Human Rights.
61
What has the ECHR and ECtHR done for the UK?
- protects people everyday as it ensures governments, schools etc. act in a way that is compatible with the rights listed.
62
why do some argue the ECHR erodes national sovereignty?
- it prevents governments from making their own laws and decisions. This has arguably slowed the extradition of criminals from the UK.
63
what are the benefits of the ECHR?
- protects freedom
64
what are the negatives of the ECHR?
- erodes sovereignty
- could obstruct trade
65
what is the importance of social goals for development?
Social goals, such as environmental quality, human rights, and health/life expectancy, can be achieved when governments invest in healthcare. This allows people to be more economically successful as health and wellbeing is improved
66
why is education important for development?
- education creates a skilled workforce that will increase the value of human capital aiding economic development
67
why is education important?
- improves economic potential
- provides knowledge on human rights
- improves knowledge on hygiene and diet to live a healthier lifestyle
68
what are examples of barriers to education?
- gender discrimination and extremism preventing girls going to school
- cultural identity
- poverty preventing children going to school as it seems more economicallly rewarding to send them to work
69
what are some factors that contribute to lower life expectancy in developing countries?
- poor healthcare + accessibility
- food insecurity leading to malnutrition
- poor access to clean water leading to diseases
70
why does life expectancy vary between developed countries?
- varying investments into healthcare
- lifestyle choices + diet
- deprivation
- quality + accessibility of healthcare
71
what are reasons for variations in life expectancy in the UK?
In the North East:
- increased smoking + alcohol consumption
- more manual jobs
- more deprivation + unemployment due to deindustrialisation
- less spending on healthy foods
72
how can a country improve social well-being?
investing in healthcare and education
73
what are the features of a fully stable democracy?
e.g. UK
- elected governments
- laws protecting human rights
- high government spending on education, health and welfare
74
what are features of a flawed democracy?
e.g. Romania
- rigged elections
- freedoms aren't fully protected
- Infrastructure investment is prioritised over social investment
- citizens may pay for healthcare
75
what are features of a hybrid regime government?
e.g. Kenya
- some democratic characteristics
- little opposition
- little respect for basic civil rights
- range of spending priorities
- less spending on social services
76
what are features of an authoritarian government?
e.g. Russia
- country run by elite
- population obedient to the state
- smaller budget for health + education
-
77
what neoliberal trade view do IGOs promote?
- free trade
- capitalism
- privatisation
- deregulation
78
How does privatisation promote development?
The selling of government businesses. reduces government spending.
79
What have Igos focused on more recently for improving social development?
- environmental quality
- health
- education
- human rights
80
What progress have the millennium development goals made
That was considerable progress worldwide for all eight goals. but this was uneven across regions and countries.
They fell short in the poorest and disadvantaged groups such as in sub-saharan Africa.
81
what is the UK humans rights act?
- created in 1998
- it sets out the rights and freedoms everyone in the UK is entitle to
82
what are the geneva conventions?
- A set of international laws which try to regulate war.
83
What does the Geneva conventions aim to protect?
The rights of civilians, medical staff, wounded armed forces, prisoners of war and shipwrecked Navy forces during conflict.
84
How many countries signed the Geneva Convention?
196, including Russia, Iraq and North Korea.
Despite this many countries have allegations of war crimes.
85
what is a war crime
a serious violation of international law during armed conflict, typically involving the unlawful killing, torture, or other inhumane treatment of civilians or prisoners of war
86
why are there variations in human rights between countries?
- some countries such as the UK prioritise defending human rights
- others favour economic development such as Singapore
87
how can authoritarian governments reduce freedom of speech?
- censoring information
88
how do India and China's governments differ?
- China's is authoritarian, with limited internet and media freedom, and criticism towards human rights
- India's is a democracy, so everyone can vote and there is freedom of speech and significant progress for human rights
89
how can corruption be measured?
with the Global Corruption Index (GCI)
90
which countries score the lowest in the GCI
scandinavian countries
91
what countries score highest on the GCI?
Syria and North Korea
92
how can political corruption hinder economic and social development?
- limits growth as funds are spent on government officials instead of social infrastructure
- politicians may exploit or bribe to stay in power
- denying individuals their human rights
- growing inequality between those the government favours and the rest of the population
93
How do human rights vary within countries?
There are variations particularly for minority groups and in post-colonial countries.
94
why have access to human rights been pr0blematic in post-colonial countries?
- governments were often authoritariann and exclueded indigenous people
- post-colonial poverty led to a focus on economic growth rather than social
95
What are examples of abuses to human rights in Pakistan for women?
Pakistan was a part of the British colony, Improving women's rights and lives has been slow:
- forced marriage is common
- female literacy is 46%
- honour killings are still common
96
How are indigenous people of the usa affected by development?
- They live on allocated land by the US government which is normally very remote with underfunded schools and health care services. This leads to people living shorter lives and experiencing poverty.
97
How have womens rights been limited in Afghanistan by the taliban?
- Women are forced to cover their faces in public.
- Women must only leave the house with a male guardian.
- All women in governmental worlds were told to leave their jobs.
- girls can only go to primary school
- hijabs are compulsory
98
How are human rights and levels of social development linked within countries?
- A lack of human rights often means lower levels of Social Development.
- Women and minority groups are more likely to experience fewer human rights, resulting in poorer levels of health and education, reducing qualityy of life. This can be due to the government as well as discrimination.
99
How do geopolitical interventions aim to address human development and human rights?
BY PROVIDING:
- development aid
- trade emargos
- military aid
- indiret/direct military action
100
What is development aid?
Financial aid given to developing countries to promote human rights. It is given by developed countries with the UK committing 0.7% of their GNI towards development aid each year.
101
What is an example of development aid?
The UK announcing a £100 million package that was designed to support the most vulnerable parts of the Ukrainian economy and reduce its reliance on gas imports.
102
What is a trade embargo?
A ban that restricts trade with a particular country. This encourages the country to change its actions as it will be more difficult for it to sell its goods.
103
What is an example of a trade embargo?
The EU imposing an arms embargo on Russia after its invasion of Ukraine. This prohibited the supply of arms and services to Russian military with the hope of Russia ceasing actions against Ukraine.
104
What is military aid?
Where countries provide money weapons or military training to help stop human rights abuses.
105
What is an example of military aid?
The US providing several rounds of military aid to Ukraine since Russia's invasion in 2022.
106
What is indirect military action?
Where military equipment or advisers are provided by one country to another.
107
What is an example of indirect military action?
In 2017, British army personnel trained Nigerian forces to help them improve the country's security and fight the Islamist militant group.
108
What is direct military action?
Where armed forces from another country engage in conflict in another.
109
What is an example of direct military action?
In 2003, the USA and UK were among a coalition of countries who sent troops and carried out air strikes in Iraq
110
Who can geopolitical interventions come from?
- IGOs
- NGOs
- Individual countries
111
What are examples of IGO interventions?
- Putting conditions on aid or withholding it
- Imposing trade embargos
- Expressing disapproval of human rights abuses.
112
What are examples of NGO interventions for human rights?
- Monitoring the status of human rights globally.
- Campaigning for the protection of human rights
- Petitioning and lobbying of authoritarian governments.
- Encouraging IGOs and governments to intervene in human rights abuses.
113
Why is it difficult for IGOs, NGOs and national governments to reach consensus on the level of intervention to use
- they have different aims
- Risks that the intervention could lead to a wider conflict.
- Cutting off development aid could reduce the country's ability to support citizens' basic needs.
- Made its reaction may lead to the injury or death of civilians.
- the perceive 'real' reasons for intervention
- disregard for national sovereignty
114
How do Western governments try to improve aspects of human rights in other states?
- Offering aid with attached conditions such as to improve the education of women and girls.
- Negotiating trade agreements such as lowering tariffs.
- Military intervention for the most serious breaches of human rights.
115
Why do government interventions disregard national sovereignty?
One nation is interfering with the governance of another.
116
What type of interventions may NGOs prefer?
peaceful
117
What are the different types of development aid?
- charitable gifts
- loans
118
Who provides charitable gifts as development aid?
NGOs and national governments with donations funded by the public.
119
Who provides loans as a part of development aid?
- IGOs suchas the World Bank
120
What is bilateral aid?
Where aid goes directly from one country to another
121
What is multilateral aid?
Where aid goes through an IGO
122
Is aid more commonly multilateral or bilateral?
BILATERAL
Because:
- provides control over where/how money is spent
- quicker actions
- encourages long term relationships with recipient
123
Why is multilateral aid sometimes considered to be more legitimate?
NGOs are less tied to political or economic interests so their projects may be more cost effective and suitable.
124
What aid did Haiti receive after the 2010 earthquake?
- money from donor countries
- humanitarain aid from USA
- recovery, reconstruction and development project from USA
- Oxfam provided humanitarian work and reconstruction/ growth projects
125
What were the concerns about what happened to the aid received by Haiti?
- 2 years later 500,000 were still living in temporary shelter
- Only 40% of the pledged aid by foreign governments had been used in the first 18 months.
- poor coordination between NGOs and government so money wasnt used effectively
- Much of the NGO money is being spent on accommodation, transport and salaries for the workers
126
What are some of the concerns about IGO loans?
- environmental damage as some IGOs prioritise economic development
- some countries have to reduce healthcare spending in order to receive loans
- conditions attatched to recieveing loans
127
What is an example of a positive impact of development aid?
- aid targeted at healthcare through vaccination programs have almost eradicated some diseases or improved diagnostics or treatment
128
What did donor nations fund in order to reduce the spread of malaria?
- free insecticide-treated mosquito nets
- free access to new medicines
- better and more accessible diagnosis
129
How was international aid programmes affected the global death rate of malaria?
The death rate fell by 25% between 2000 and 2020 preventing 6.2 million deaths.
130
What have been the impacts of development aid in achieving gender equality?
- reduced maternal mortality rates
- more girls in education
- more women in parliament
131
Why is aid in the form of loans not now recommended?
- increase size of debts
- Technical assistance and skills training is more preferable
132
How can aid dependency hinder economic and political development?
- governments may become reliant on aid money rather than helping local businesses/ industries
- countries can be left at risk if aid is stopped
- aid goods may reduce local prices which is damaging for farmers
- difficult to plan long term projects as aid may stop
- donor countries choose how/where money is used
- aid money may be lost to corruption
133
How is a dependency being reduced?
Focusing on 'real aid' , which has few strings attached, allowing countries to lead their own development.
134
How may political elites use aid money?
- buy votes to remain in power
- build a strong military to repress citizens
- enrich themselves through corruption
135
Who pays the price of corruption?
Often, minority groups such as the poor and women as it results in fewer opportunities and reduced access to jobs, funding, and equality as well as undermining human rights.
136
What impact does economic development have on the environment?
Development aid often focuses on economic development programmes that fail to take environmental issues into consideration, resulting pollution, loss of farmland/ ecosystems and degradation
137
Describe the Niger Delta.
It is an area of diverse ecological zones with mangrove forests, freshwater swamps and tropical rainforest. It is home to more than 31 million people and 40 different ethnic groups including Ogoni people who believe the land and rivers are sacred.
It is also oil rich.
138
What is an example of a TNC exploiting oil in the Niger Delta?
Shell
139
What are the social impacts of oil in the Niger Delta?
- 70% of people live below the poverty line.
- Local schools and hospitals are underfunded.
- Access to clean and safe drinking water is limited due to oil spills.
- Traditional livelihoods are damaged by the oil spills.
140
How much oil is leaked by the 30 year old oil platform in the Niger Delta?
5000 barrels of crude oil a day.
141
What have been the environmental consequences of extracting oil from the Niger Delta?
- Common oil spills pollute groundwater, surface water and soil. They take 30 years to clean up.
- Mangrove forests and rainforests are frequently destroyed.
- The burning of natural gas causes serious environmental and health problems, as well as acid rain.
142
How has the oil in the Niger delta led to human rights abuses?
- During the 1990s military repeatedly violated the Ogoni tribe's human rights, resulting in 1000 being killed.
- 30,000 were made homeless as villagers were burnt down.
143
What is land aquisitions in Kenya?
The buying or leasing of large pieces of land by domestic and transnational companies, governments and individuals.
144
What have been the consequences of land aquisitions in ethiopia?
- major conflict leading to environemntal destruction and migration
- Millions of small farmers and herders have been moved from the land. often with threats and assaults, They are then resettled in new villages, which often lack basic resources.
145
What is the Ethiopian government hope to gain from land acquisitions?
Improved infrastructure due to investment by TNCs.
146
What is the example of a TNC involved in land acquisition in Ethiopia and what impact has this had?
- Katuuri Global It's the world's largest producer and exporter of cut roses.
- They have displaced local people, caused deforestation, made no contribution to food security, Delayed salaries, not provided suitable safety equipment, treatment or residence for its workers.
147
What is the Dakota access pipeline?
A $3.7 billion project built to transport crude oil from the Bakken oil fields in North Dakota to a refinery in Illinois.
148
What tribe's sacred lands does the Dakota access pipeline run through?
- Standing Rock Sioux
149
What are the concerns about the Dakota Access Pipeline?
- local tribes werent consulted
- Risk of contaminating water supply
- It runs through sacred land of the Sioux tribe, which should be protected.
- loss of sacred burial sites
- loss of food and livelihoods
150
What are the benefits of the Dakota access pipeline?
- creates jobs
- economic growth due to energy security from oil
- Safer transfer of oil with fewer emissions.
- Millions have been paid in taxes, which have been used to support important social infrastructure
151
What are examples of military aid?
- military training
- providing weapons
152
Who can lead interventions for human rights?
- western governments
- IGOs
- NGOs
153
What do political interventions aiming to address human rights issues provide?
- development aid
- trade embargoes
- military aid
- indirect or direct military action
154
What are the two main delivery routes for development aid.
- bilateral
- multilateral
155
What did the UN General Assembly ask wealthy countries to do in 1970?
Voluntarily commit 0.7% of their GNI each year to development aid.
HOWEVER most countries fail to meet this target.
156
What did the UK Government make a legal requirement in 2015?
Giving 0.7% of its GNI to development aid each year.
157
How much money did the UK announce as part of a development aid programme to support the Ukrainian economy
£100 million in 2022
158
What is the UK development aid package aiming to support?
The most vulnerable parts of the Ukrainian economy and reduce reliance on gas imports.
159
What does a trade embargo encourage?
To change its actions as the country finds its more difficult to sell its goods resulting in a lower GDP.
160
What is an example of military aid provided to Ukraine?
$775 million worth of drones, ammunitions, advanced wapons, and vehicles provided by the USA
161
What is an example of direct military action
In 2003 the USA and UK sent troops and carried out airstrikes in Iraq as part of their coalition against the government of Saddam Hussein.
162
What are examples of ngos that may provide intervention
- amnesty international
- Human Rights Watch
163
where is Libya?
North Africa
164
What human rights violations were happening in Libya in 2011?
protestors were repressed with hundreds killed
165
What intervention was imposed on Libya in 2011?
The UN authorised bombing raids by the UK and France in support of civilians and rebels.
166
Why were their national sovereignty concerns over the intervention in Libya in 2011?
- Five countries on the UN Security Council were worried about the insufficient evidence for intervention.
- The intervening countries also had inconsistencies in their own human rights.
167
What was the outcome of the interventions in Libya in 2011?
- Gaddafi was killed
- Rebel groups remain in conflict with the new government.
- Libya is too unstable to hold general elections.
168
Whose government were protesters and rebels fighting against in Libya in 2011?
Gaddafi
169
What reasons did countries have for military intervention in Libya?
- human rights abuses
- a desire for energy security as Libya is a major oil exporter
170
What are some types of intervention?
- peaceful
- economic
- military
- political
171
What is an example of NGOs providing intervention?
Amnesty International campaigned with local NGOs in Afghanistan to try to improve education for women and girls.
172
What are examples of development aid?
- charitable gifts from NGOs
- IGOs offering loans
- Short term emergency aid
- Lond term aid
173
What can development aid be provided for?
- Specific projects such as rebuilding schools and medical facilities after a hazard.
- Broader development aims, which focus on safeguarding human rights and improving human welfare.
174
Why did Haiti need development aid in 2010?
- An earthquake hit leading to over 316,000 deaths.
- 1.5 million became homeless
- cholera outbreak killed more than 9,000 people
175
What aid was provided to Haiti in 2010?
- Over £12 billion of aid was pledged by governments, members of the public, IGOs, and NGOs.
176
What a positive impacts of development aid?
- eradication of dieases
- improve human lives
- increase life expectancy
177
What was some negative impacts of development aid?
- government corruption
- dependancy
This puts minority groups at greater risk as social spending may be cut.
178
What is an example of development aid targeted at health care?
vaccination programmes such as for polio
179
What percentage of malaria cases occur in sub-saharan Africa?
90% making it the leading cause of death in the region
180
How can malaria be prevented?
- mosquito nets
- anti-malarial drugs
- improved diagnosis
181
Between 2000 and 2020 what happened to the global death rate from malaria?
It fell by 25%, preventing 6.2 million deaths.
182
What is an example of an international aid programme for preventing malaria?
nets for life
183
What is extraordinary rendition?
The secret secret transfer of a terrorist suspect without legal process to a foreign government for detention and interrogation.
184
What percentage of bilateral aid is specifically funding programmes targeted at gender quality?
45%
185
What are examples of successes of development aid in improving gender equality?
- maternal mortality rates have fallen
- more girls in education
- more women in parliament
186
What are some reasons why some governments may provide more/less development aid?
- size of the economy
- different ruling parties
- UN targets
187
Why is aid in the form of loans not recommended?
- increasing debt size
188
What is an example of when the reason for military intervention was defending human rights?
NATO intervening in Bosnia
189
Why did NATO intervene in Bosnia in 1995?
That was an attack on Bosnian Muslims by Bosnian Serbs, leading to 8000 deaths.
190
What did NATO's operation intervening in Bosnia involve?
- air and bombing campaign against Bosnian Serbs
191
Why was there strong human rights justification for intervention in Bosnia?
There was genocide and torture
192
How was the UK intervention in Sierra Leone in 2000 successful military intervention
- helped to end the civil war
- British soldiers helped to disarm rebel groups
- British soldiers trained the Sierra Leone Army
- helped agree and uphold a ceasefire
193
What wider global strategic interest may lead to interventions?
- important resources nearby
- shipping routes
194
How could military aid support countries who have questionable human rights records?
- Strong military could enforce human rights.
- Attaching conditions to the age may force recipient countries to stop human rights abuses
195
What do critics claim regarding military aid?
- Weapons may be used to commit further human rights abuses.
- Supporting a government that represses its people undermines the main principle of Human Rights.
- Ignoring human right is violations condones it.
196
What agreement did the UK make with Saudi Arabia in 1985?
The uk would supply Saudi Arabia with fighter planes.
197
Why do critics claim that the UK should not be selling military equipment to Saudi Arabia?
- it is an undemocratic regime with poor human rights records against women
198
What has the Saudi government used uk supplied weapons for?
Military intervention in Yemen.
199
What intervention did the Saudi government provide in Yemen?
- supporting Yemen government in fight against rebels
- has lead to human rights violations and deaths/injuries of over 17,500 civilians
200
What did Amnesty International claim about military aid supplied by the UK to Saudi Arabia?
It has played a key role in the human rights abuses during the interventions in Yemen.
201
Why does UK government continue with this military aid to Saudi Arabia?
- strong trading relationship
- Saudi Arabia has invested over £60 billion in the UK.
- over 30,000 UK Nationals live and work in Saudi Arabia.
202
What is the 'war on terror'?
War against Islamic extremism and the groups that support it, who commit human rights violations.
203
Why did the USA justify its invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq?
- to fight terror
- to defend USA
- to protect human rights from Taliban and Iraq's dictator
204
When did the US announce its 'war on terror'?
after the 2001 9/11 attacks on the world trade centre in New York
205
What human rights abuses have been committed during direct military intervention for the 'war on terror'?
- US soldiers have tortured prisoners in Iraq
- People were accused of being terrorists were flown to a US base and tortured and held without trial for years.
206
What has using torture meant for countries providing direct military intervention?
They have undermined their reasons for the invasions and damaged their reputation as the use of torture is illegal and on the UDHR.
207
What impact could US military using torture during intervention have?
- Encourage recruitment of new members in extremist groups.
- Increase risk that American citizens and military personnel will be treated more harshly if captured.
208
What is Guantanamo Bay?
A US military base in Cuba.
209
What did the international committee of the Red Cross do in 2004 at the Guantanamo Bay base?
They inspected for camp and found evidence of torture.
210
How did the USA defend its actions at Guantanamo Bay?
It argued that it's actions were a form of enhanced interrogation techniques and were not torture.
211
What did Barack Obama do in 2009 regarding the Guantanamo Bay base?
Find an executive order banning non coercive methods of interrogation and ordered for camp to close.
Despite this, it still held 41 detainees in 2017.
212
How has the uk helped for usa with extraordinary rendition?
The uk has allowed American aircraft to stop for refuelling at UK airports more than 1600 times.
213
What variables could be used to measure the success of geopolitical interventions?
- health
- life expectancy
- education levels
- gender equality
- freedom of speech
- management of refugees
- GDP per capita
214
How has the US military intervention in Iraq led to a stronger democracy?
- previous dictator was removed
- now has regular elections
- new constitution was written
215
Who may view a country being more democratic as a sign of successful intervention.
- some western governments
- IGOs e.g UN
216
Why is the introduction of democratic institutions in the freedom of expression vital for future development?
- A country experiences economic growth when people have the freedom to make their own political/economic choices
- Human rights are more likely to be upheld in a democracy.
- Democratic countries are much less likely to go to war with each other.
217
How can freedom of expression be improved?
- Citizens allowed to openly discuss ideas.
- People in power can be criticised by the public as they are elected by them.
- Censorship laws are removed in independent media organisations supported.
218
What is essential for a stronger democracy?
- Increased freedom of expression.
- Stronger democratic institutions.
219
Describe the variation in the human freedom index.
- People tend to have more freedom in Western countries.
- Less than 40% of the world's population live in countries considered free.
- There is very little freedom in the Middle East and Africa
220
Why has it been difficult to establish a democracy in many African countries?
Their colonial past.
221
What does this human Freedom Index show?
The state of human freedom in the world based on broad measures including personal and economic freedom.
222
Explain the relationship between freedom of expression and democracy.
In Democratic countries, people have the right to express their beliefs without government retaliation. This means they can criticise the government and hold it accountable, which is central to a successful democracy. Freedom of expression also means independent newspapers can publish opinions about political parties without fear of censorship. This allows people to debate and discuss ideas helping them make more informed decisions.
223
Why is Bangladesh an example of economic success as a result of aid?
In 1971 it was classed as one of the world's least developed countries with a GDP growth rate of -14%. However, its current average GDP growth rate is 8% so it will soon become an emerging country.
224
How has aid provided to Bangladesh changed over time?
It started off as humanitarian aid, and is now project aid.
225
How has foreign aid helped Bangladesh to improve its development indicators?
- life expectancy increased by 7 years
- Secondary school enrollment rates increased by 21%.
- GNI has increased by $1870
226
How is Bangladesh's reliance on foreign aid changed?
It has come become less reliant. This is shown by 48% of development projects being funded by foreign aid in 2000, but in 2019 this was 32%.
227
Why is there evidence of poor human rights in Bangladesh?
- reduction in freedom of expression
- Sexual abuse and violence against women
- Poor treatment of refugees
228
Define holistic development.
A combination of economic growth, human rights and Democratic institutions to improve all aspects of quality of life.
229
What nations have less regard for holistic development
Those that measure success through economic growth such as Singapore.
230
What should intervention and aid do?
- promote economic + social development
- improve health + education
- increase human rights
231
why is aid not always successful?
- the outcome doesnt match the input due to corruption
- many projects have little trickle-down benefits
- donor countries can act in their own interest
- aid encourages dependance
232
What type of development aid projects are more successful?
ones that focus on the education, training and healthcare of the poorest
233
What is an example of where development aid has been its success?
west africa
234
What is an example of where development aid has been unsuccessful?
Haiti
235
How many did the Ebola epidemic kill?
over 11,000 people
236
What support did individual countries provide during the Ebola emergency?
- built treatment centres
-
237
What is an example of an NGO that helped during the ebola crisis?
Doctors Without Borders
They sent medical staff and equipment.
238
When did the Ebola epidemic start and end?
March 2014 - January 2016
239
What was the cost of the Ebola intervention
over $ 4 billion
240
What was the result of the Ebola intervention
the spread of ebola was slowed and stopped.
241
How much aid has Haiti received over the past decade?
over $13 billion
242
Why is Haiti's aid either lost or distributed ineffectively?
weak and corrupt government systems
243
What is much of Haiti's aid money spent on?
Contracts with American companies for large projects such as industrial parks. This doesnt help local people.
244
What is Haiti's dependence on aid meant?
Its progress and economic development is limited
245
Why has economic inequalities increased in Bangladesh?
Due to corruption development projects have been used to fund large top down projects such as the Padma Bridge, which do not help local people.
246
How have economic inequalities been decreased in Bolivia as a result of development aid?
Rural development and agriculture projects have improved children's education and increased food security.
247
How can development aid be used as an extension of superpowers foreign policy?
It can be used to:
- access resources
- form alliances
- widen global spheres of influences
- win political support within IGOs
248
How have superpowers used development aid to access resources?
China has invested in infrastructure projects in Africa to take advantage of mineral resources such as gold, oil and gas.
249
Why is development aid often controversial
It has many aims:
- humanitarian
- economic
- political
etc.
250
What evidence is there that Haiti is not benefiting from development aid?
- The poorest people still live on less than $2 a day.
- It has one of the highest ratings for the Gini Coefficient
251
What are the short term gains of military interventions?
avoiding genocide
252
What are some long term costs of military interventions?
- civilian deaths
- refugees
- economic
- Infrastructure damage.
253
What can direct military intervention lead to?
- loss of lives of soldiers + civilians
- physical/mental injuries
- economic losses
254
How many civilians died in the 2001 Afghanistan war?
149,000
255
Why is indirect military intervention favourable?
It involves lower risks and costs
256
What was the aim of the military intervention during the Iraq War?
To remove the dictator, Saddam Hussein.
257
What justification was there for the invasion of Iraq in 2003.
- Saddam Hussein was developing weapons of mass destruction
- He was a brutal dictator accused of violating many human rights.
258
What had been short time gains of military intervention in Iraq?
- Saddam Hussein removed
- Infant mortality reduced by 75% due to a US-funded vaccination programme
- Iraq had its first free election for 50 years.
259
What have been some long term costs of military intervention in Iraq?
- There were no systems in place to restore security, promote democracy and grow economically.
- Corruption has grown.
- Increased conflict between Sunni and Shia Muslims.
- The Islamic State is established themselves in Iraq due to instability.
- Human rights abuses are still going on.
260
Who is the Islamic state?
An extremist group that has violently taken over some of Iraq's Cities, continuing to fight and kill civilians.
261
Why was the U K's decision to join the Iraq war questionable?
- Not all peaceful options had been exhausted
-The threat posed by Hussain was deliberately exaggerated as he wasnt a current threat
-There was poor planning. so the UK Military were ill equipped.
262
What 3 main principles do UN peacekeeping missions use?
- consent of all parties in the conflict
- impartiality
- non-use of force except in self-defence
263
How does the UN fund peacekeeping missions?
- Costs are shared amongst UN member states.
- Troops and police are drawn from around the world.
- Civilians are integrated into the forces.
264
How many UN peacekeeping operations are currently in action?
11
- most of these are in Africa and the Middle East.
265
Where has UN peacekeeping occurred?
Cote d'Ivoire in West Africa
266
How was Cote d'Ivoire for 30 years after gaining independence from French colonial rule?
It had electoral stability and the sound economy.
267
when did Cote d'Ivoire gain independance from French Colonial rule?
1960
268
Why and when was an attempt made to overthrow the government in Cote d'Ivoire ?
in 1999 due to an economic down tur
269
Why did a civil war break out in Cote d'Ivoire?
There were religious differences between Muslims in the north and Christians in the south.
270
When were UN peacekeepers requested and a peace deal signed for Cote d'Ivoire?
2007
271
What did UN troops do until 2017 in Cote d'Ivoire?
Teach soldiers about human rights and how to prevent human rights abuses.
272
What have been the consequences of no military action in Zimbabwe?
- violent, corrupt elections
- Opponents to the government were attacked, tortured and imprisoned.
- LGBTQ people were threatened
273
Why have Western nations such as the UK Not intervened in Zimbabwe?
They are sensitive to intervention linked to former colonies.
274
why have several neighbouring African nations not intervened in Zimbabwe.
They didn't view the dictator as a threat.
275
Who are the political impacts of a lack of intervention in Zimbabwe?
- government corruption
- humans rights abuses
276
What are the social impacts of the lack of intervention in the Zimbabwe?
- 43% live below the poverty line
- rural poverty is at 52%
- Seasonal plantation work has no paid.
- Average life expectancy is one of the lowest globally.
277
What the environmental impacts of a lack of intervention in Zimbabwe?
- Increasing rates of deforestation for firewood and to make way for tobacco plantations.
278
Why can measuring the success of geopolitical interventions be difficult?
- different definitions of success
- Some countries can't monitor or collect accurate data.
- Data collected can also be interpreted differently.
279
What type of indicators are normally used to measure success?
Hard data as it shows numerical improvements.
280
What is democracy aid?
Funds used to build democracies. They tend to focus on supporting crucial processes and institutions, strengthening and reforming governments and supporting civil society.
281
Who does the Geneva Convention protect?
- those not fighting
- those no longer able to fight
282
What does the Geneva convention protect?
People and the things essential for their survival.
283
What is the Geneva convention prevent?
- killing of civilians and the injured
- torture of detainees
284
What is the Rana Plaza disaster?
In 2013 a building housing many garment factories collapsed in Bangladesh.
285
How many people died as a result of the Rana plaza disaster?
over 1,000
286
How does the Rana plaza disaster demonstrate how economic development was prioritised over Human Rights?
There were very little workers rights and unions were prevented and buildings were unsafe.
Workers were forced to work overtime and verbally abused
287
What are examples of war crimes?
- murder or ill treatment of civilians and prisoners of war
- killing hostages
- torture
288
What are examples of violations of human rights in garment factories?
- poor air quality
- forced overtime
- deceptive management
- low wages
289
what is vision 30?
A programme in Zambia that aims to improve the participation of girls in social development by providing skills in school, exposure to careers and career camps
290
what is transformative household methodology?
A tool that aims to make household members aware of the discrepancies between workload and access over resources so that they can create a family action plan to improve the standard of life for women and girls in the house.
291
What have been the impacts of transformative household methodology?
- decrease in womens workloads as men were more involved in cooking and childcare
- men have shared knowledge with the family
292
what has happened to women in Afghanistan since the Taliban took over in 2021?
- forced to stay inside
- banned from parks, gyms and public bathing houses
- stopped from pursuing education past 6th grade
- prohibited from working in health + education
- hijab made mandatory
- 2024 ban meant womens voices must not be heard in public
293
hpw is the gates foundation working to fight malaria?
- reducing the burden of malaria
- accelerating progress towards eradication
- getting ahead of insecticide resistance
294
what tools are needed to fight malaria?
- Insecticide-treated bed nets.
- rapid diagnostic tests
- effective medicines
- access to treatments
295
In 2020 how many people were estimated to have malaria?
241 million, 95% of which live in Africa
296
what is happening in the Niger Delta?
shell are exploiting oil reserves
297
how are oil spills occuring in the Niger Delta?
it is leaking from pipes
298
How are human rights abuses evident in Vietnam?
IN SWEAT SHOPS:
- crowded conditions
- lacking safety equipment
- low wages
- long hours
- forced overtime
- child labour
- job insecurity
299
What are some examples of human rights abuses in China?
- surveillance of individuals
- torture, intimidation, + harrassment of human rights defenders
- Tibetans are denied cultural freedom + expression
- death penalty
- thick smog in cities
300
What are examples of human rights abuses in India?
- imprisonment without trial
- discrimination against Muslims
- sexual + physical violence against women
- poor air quality
- Preventing NGOS from accessing essential funds, limiting their ability to defend human rights.
- Unlawful use of force by police against peaceful protesters.
301
What are some reasons for the gender pay gap?
- unpaid caring responsibilities
- part time working is more common in women in middle years
- occupational segragation
- pay discrimination
- under valuing of womens work
302
Outline Iceland's attitude towards gender equality.
- closed 90
% of the gender pay gap
- required equal pay by law
- 12 months parent leave
- proactive unions
- children taught from a young age of other gender roles
- 40% of women subjected to physical/sexual violence
303
When was the United Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples act passed in Canada?
2021
304
What is the aim of the UNDRIP act?
- address injustices, prejudices and violence towards indigenous people in Canada
305
How are the rights of indigenous people still being violated in Canada?
- 85% of homes lack proper ventilation
- lack clean air
- lack clean drinking water resulting in frequent illness
306
What happened to indigenous children in Canada in the 19th and 20th centuries?
- removed from their families
- placed in federally funded boarding schools
- were not allowed to speak their language or express their cultural heritage and identities.
307
How are differences in human rights evident in the First Nations of Canada?
- reduce secondary school completion due to inaccessibility
- wait longer for healthcare and experience unfair treatment
308
Are the UK meeting thier 0.7% development aid requirement.
no
309
How is China using development aid as an extension of foreign policy?
- Chinese aid to African nations with mineral resources is increasing their access to these resources.
310
What issues have Timor Leste been facing since 1999?
- Over 200,000 people have been killed by violence, disease and famine.
- Frequent human rights abuses, including torture.
311
Under what colony was Timor Leste
Portugal
312
When did Timor Leste claim independence? And what happened nine days later?
- 1975
- Indonesia invaded, but the UN did not recognise this and called for withdrawal.
313
What did the UN do in 1982 in Timor Leste?
Start a diplomatic efforts with the Indonesian and Portuguese governments to resolve the conflict.
314
How did the UK and USA pressurise the Indonesian government to end for violence in Timor Leste?
arms embargo
315
What was the consequence of Indonesian forces withdrawing from Tim or Leste?
- there was a lack of skilled people to run the country.
316
What did the UN do during Timor Leste's transition to full independence.
They took control by setting up structures to maintain law and order allowing Timor Leste to become independent in 2002.
317
what is Trump planning to do with Guantanamo Bay?
- turn it into a migrant detention centre
