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Health Status Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Anatomy/Physiology

A

Human, mouse and other mammals shared a common ancestor approximately 80 million years ago

Mice and men share about 97.5 per cent of their working DNA

Of the approximately 4,000 genes that have been studied, less than 10 are found in one species but not in the other

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2
Q

Use in Science

A

Scientists use these similarities to study disease in humans.

May do this by causing similar disease in animals to study effects.

To do this effectively it is important to be sure that the effects you are seeing result from your procedure and not from some unintended source.

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3
Q

Unintended sources

A 
1 Other diseases
2 Unintended pain
3 Stress/distress
4 Social/environmental factors
Overcrowding/isolation
Boredom
Environment (hot, cold, light, light cycles.) Consider position on rack
Diet, enrichment/lack of.
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4
Q

DISEASE

A

An impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning (WHO)

Also includes stress (distress) and pain

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5
Q

CAUSES/CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE

INFECTIOUS

A 
Virus
Bacteria 	
Fungi			
Protozoa
Parasites
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6
Q

CAUSES/CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE

NON-INFECTIOUS

A

Trauma Environment Metabolic Chemicals Nutrition Ageing Hereditary Stress
Pain

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7
Q

Disease

A

Clinical
Sub-clinical
Zoonotic

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8
Q

Disease

Clinical

A

Shows signs of illness

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9
Q

Disease

Sub-clinical

A

Not obvious - but may still be transmittable

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10
Q

Disease

Zoonotic

A

Transmittable from animals to man and v.v.

Strepto monilliformis (Rats)
Leptospirosis – wild rodents only
Piscine tuberculosis (Fish)
Influenza (Ferrets)
Erysipelas  (Pigs)
Ringworm  (G.Pigs)
Psittacosis (Birds)
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11
Q

Common diseases of mice

Virus

A

MNV

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12
Q

Common diseases of mice

Bacterial

A

Pasteurella
Staph
Strep
Helicobacter

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13
Q

Common diseases of mice

Parasites

A

Protozoa

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14
Q

Common diseases of rats

Bacterial

A

Klebsiella
Staph
Strep
Helicobacter

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15
Q

Common diseases of rats

A

Protozoa

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16
Q

Common diseases of fish

Bacterial

A

Fish TB (T marinum)

fin rot

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17
Q

Common diseases of fish

Parasites

A

Oodinium (dinoflagellates - velvet)
Ichthyophirius (ciliate - white spot)
Saprolegnia (fungus)
Fin rot (bacterial)

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18
Q

Recognising Pain and Distress

A

Know what a normal animal looks like

Look for change in behaviour or appearance

Look for subtle signs

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19
Q

Signs

Three conditions:

A

Pain
Disease
Stress/Distress

may display signs - especially pain and diseaes

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20
Q

General Signs of Pain & Disease

Study These Flashcards
A

Alteration of normal behaviour/appearance

Reduced feeding/weight loss

Inactivity/docility

Isolation from of other animals (in social species)

21
Q

Signs of Disease & Pain in

Rodents

Study These Flashcards
A 
Piloerection
Hunched posture
‘Tucked up’ appearance
Dehydration (loss of skin elasticity)
Chromodacryorrhea in rats
Sunken or closed eyes
22
Q

PAIN (rodents)

Study These Flashcards
A

May occur in the absence of disease or distress

May not be obvious unless severe

Variable signs according to species

23
Q

Additional Signs of pain - rodents

Study These Flashcards
A 
Twitching
Lameness
Writhing
Staggering
Chewing
Head pressing
‘Pain face’
24
Q

Face signs - rodents

Study These Flashcards
A

Eye closure or eye “squeezing”

Less bulging of the nose and cheek with eventual absence of the crease between the cheek and whisker pads

Ears fold, curl and angle forwards or outwards, resulting in a pointed shape. The space between the ears may appear wider

Whiskers move forward (away from the face and tend to bunch, giving the appearance of whiskers standing on end

25
Signs of Disease & Pain in Fish
``` Spots, ulcers etc. on skin Bloating Colour changes Abnormal swimming positions lack of response to external stimulation Reduced feeding/weight loss/sunken belly Increase in gill rate Excessive fin movement Clamped fins Rubbing the affected area against the side of the tank ```
26
Fish | Fungus
Saprolegnia | looks like velvet
27
Fish | White spot
Ichthyophirius
28
Fish | Fin rot
Aeromonas | Flexibacter
29
Scoring Pain and Distress
Experience Score sheets Regular weighing (before and after procedure)
30
Consequences of stress Stress response involves a complex signalling pathway among neurons and somatic cells
raised cortisone/cortisol levels counters insulin – raised glucose levels weakening effects on the immune response susceptibility to other diseases inability to tolerate anaesthesia lowered breeding rates
31
What Effect does stress have on research?
Impact on physiological parameters Influence tumour growth Variability and false conclusions AVOID what can be avoided
32
How we avoid what can be avoided
``` Supply young healthy animals Ensure continued high health status Avoid environmental stress Avoid social stress Provide environmental enrichment Monitor GM animals ```
33
PRODUCING HEALTHY ANIMALS SELECTION OF ANIMALS BREEDING TERMS
outbred inbred 99% homozygous F1 hybrid mutant genetically altered
34
Outbred
not mated to close relatives provides genetic variability
35
Inbred
brother and sister mating | 20th generation in mice
36
F1 hybrid
cross 2 strains of animals
37
mutant
random mutant, naturally occurring | need PIL and PLL
38
Genetically altered
man-made mutant | need PIL and PLL
39
PRODUCING HEALTHY ANIMALS CATEGORIES OF HEALTH STATUS
SPECIFIED PATHOGEN FREE (SPF) GNOTOBIOTIC GERM FREE CONVENTIONAL
40
Specified pathogen free (SPF)
with list of pathogens it DOESN'T have | commonest
41
Gnotobiotic
``` few diseases (lists what it does and doesn't have) ```
42
Germ free
no disease | not even gut flora
43
Conventional
don't know what it does/doesn't have
44
PRODUCING HEALTHY ANIMALS SPF Animals HOW ARE THESE OBTAINED?
Caesarean rederivation (removed just before time of birth) ``` Embryo transfer (take young embryos from one mother and transplant into another) ```
45
PRODUCING HEALTHY ANIMALS CONTROL OF DISEASE
barriers and quarantine
46
PRODUCING HEALTHY ANIMALS CONTROL OF DISEASE Barriers
isolate animals form other animals, staff and equipment Rodents: Shower/change, sterilise items IVC units Fish: Bleached eggs. Limit contact between tanks: Use Separate equipment (where possible)
47
PRODUCING HEALTHY ANIMALS CONTROL OF DISEASE Quarantine
imported animals check health screens of imported animals and re-screen
48
HEALTH MONITORING | Ensuring high health status
``` Regular commercial screening Sentinel Monitoring Extra screening/pathology as necessary Daily checks Autopsy as required ```
49
OBTAINING MEDICINES
VETERINARY MEDICINES REGULATIONS 2005 POM’s only from NVS Requirement to keep records Controlled drugs must be locked away Disposal into labelled purple topped bins or via BSU

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