Heart

Question 1

Direction of the axis of heart/direction of apex

Answer 1

Downwards, fowards & to the left

Question 2

Mention proportions of the heart to right & left

Answer 2

2/3 to L
1/3 to R
Of median plane

Question 3

Apex of heart is formed by ….., while base of heart is formed by ……

Answer 3

Left ventricle
Left atrium (mainly) & right atrium

Question 4

Mention vessels recieved in base of heart.

Answer 4

Pulmonary veins on right & left sides of left atrium

SVC & IVC sup & inf to right atrium

Question 5

Direction of basexof heart

Answer 5

Backwards to the right

Question 6

Surface anatomy of apex of heart

Answer 6

Left 5th intercostal space, 9cm from median plane

Question 7

Sup & inf relations of base of heart

Answer 7

S: pulmonary arteries
I: coronary sulcus lodging coronary sinus

Question 8

Post relation of base of heart

Answer 8

Oblique sinus, fibrous pericardium, esophagus, descending thoracic aorta, T5-T8 in recumbent & T6-T9 in erect)

Question 9

Sternocostal surface of heart is formed by ….

Answer 9

Right atrium, right ventricle (2/3), left ventricle (1/3) separated by ant IV groove.

Question 10

Pericardium separates sternocostal surface from ….

Answer 10

Body of sternum, sternocostalis, 3rd-6th costal cartialges

Question 11

Diaphragmatic surface of heart is formed by ….

Answer 11

Left ventricle (mainly), right ventricle, right atrium.

Question 12

Diaphragmatic surface is separated from base of heart by ….

Answer 12

Coronary sulcus lodging coronary sinus

Question 13

Mention structures forming right and left pulmonary surfaces

Answer 13

R: right atrium
L: left ventricle, left auricle, small oart of left atrium

Question 14

Describe borders of the heart

Answer 14

R: convex, formed by right atrium
I: horizontal, right ventricle & apical part of left
L: convex, left ventricle & part of left auricle
S: straight, 2 atria mainly left behind great vessels

Question 15

Mention contents if atrioventricular groove

Answer 15

Main trunks of coronary arteries

Coronary sinus in its posterior part

Question 16

Mention contents if ant IV groove

Answer 16

Anterior IV branch of keft coronary art

Great cardiac vein

Question 17

Inf IV groove conetnts

Answer 17

Post IV branch of right coronary art

Middle cardiac vein

Question 18

Point of juntion of atrioventricular & IV grooves is termed ….

Answer 18

Crux of the heart

Question 19

Mention site of SA node

Answer 19

The upper part of sulcus terminalis which extends between the right side of orifices of SVC & IVC

Question 20

The structure corresponding to sulcus terminalis inside right atrium
It separates ….. & …..

Answer 20

Crista terminalis

Anterior rough-walled part & posterior rough-walled part

Question 21

Embryological origin of rough & smooth walled parts of right atrium

Answer 21

R: Primitive atrium
S: right horn of sinus venosus

Question 22

Write a short note on anterior cardiac veins

Answer 22

2-5 veins collect blood from front of right ventricle & open into the anterior part of right atrium

Question 23

Compare SVC, IVC & Coronary sinus in terms of valve & structure drained

Answer 23

S: no valve, upper half of body
I: rudimentary valve, lower of body
C: semilunar flap called valve of coronary sinus, heart wall

Question 24

Site in which coronary sinus opens

Answer 24

Between IVC & Atrioventricular oriffice in right atrium

Question 25

Name the oval depression in interatrial steptum, the sharp border & their embryological origin

Answer 25

Fossa ovalis, floor from septum primium | Limbus fossa ovalis, septum secondum

Question 26

The funnel-shaped outflowing part of right venticle

Answer 26

Infundibulum (conus arteriosus)

Question 27

Mention parts of right ventricle internally

Answer 27

Inlet, traneculated apical part & outlet.

Question 28

The ….. separated inflwoing & outflowing parts of rt ventricle

Answer 28

Supraventricular crest

Question 29

The shape of right ventricle in cross-section is …..

Answer 29

Cresentic

Question 30

Mention types of trabeculae carneae

Answer 30

1. Fixed prominent ridges 2. Papillary muscles 3. Ridges fixed at both ends with the middle free

Question 31

Desvribe attachment of papillary muscle & enumerate them

Answer 31

1. Anterior papillary msucle 2. Posterior papillary muscle 3. Septal papillary muscles

Question 32

What is the moderator band? Mention its attachments

Answer 32

Septomarginal band | Crosses vent cavity from the septal to ant wall reaching base of ant papillary muscle

Question 33

Mention embry origin of inlet of right ventr

Answer 33

Primitive ventricle of heart tube

Question 34

GR: Smooth muscle wall of outlet remains contracted during ventricular diastole

Answer 34

To support the pulmonary valve against the back pressure of pulmonary trunk

Question 35

Mention emry origin of outlet of rt ventr

Answer 35

Bulbus cordis

Question 36

Describe structure of each cusp

Answer 36

2 endothelial layers with a layer of fibrous tissue in-between

Question 37

Mention the attachment of each cusp of tricuspid

Answer 37

Base attached to fibrous ring & adjoining cusps | Apex towards right ventricle

Question 38

Describe Papillary muscles attachment

Answer 38

Base at ventr wall, apex is free, Connected to cusps of atrioventricular valve by chordae tendineae

Question 39

A papillary muscle is attached by its chordae tendinae by …. Adoining cusp

Answer 39

2

Question 40

Function of chordae tendineae

Answer 40

Prevent eversion of the cusps towards the atrium during ventricular systole

Question 41

Mention number & position of semilunar cusps in pulmary valve

Answer 41

3 2 ant 1 post

Question 42

The free margin of each cusp shows in its middle ….. & …..on each side

Answer 42

Nodule | Lunule

Question 43

Mdescribe mechanism of semilunar valves

Answer 43

During systole, they are pressed against wall by out-flowing blood, during diastole blood flows back towards heart, fills cusps & which come in opposition in center of lumen and close pulmonary oriffice.

Question 44

Part of left atrium containing few pectinate muscles

Answer 44

Left auricle

Question 45

Direction of left ventricle

Answer 45

Forwards and to the left

Question 46

The special feature of trabeculae carneae of left vericle from right

Answer 46

Left, finer & more numerous

Question 47

The left ventricle has …. Papillary muscles. Its inflowing part originates from ….., its outflowing part originates from ….. .

Answer 47

2 Primitive ventricle if the heart Bulbus cordis

Question 48

The anterior cusp is ….. it lies ………, while post cusp lies …… (mitral)

Answer 48

Larger Anterior & to the right Post & to the left

Question 49

Each cusp recieves chordae tendineae in left ventricle from …….

Answer 49

Both papillary muscles of the left ventricle

Question 50

Mention number & position of cusps of aortic valve

Answer 50

3 | 1 anterior & 2 posterior

Question 51

The ant aortic sinus gives rise to ….., while left post aortic sinus gives rise to …..

Answer 51

Right coronary artery | Left coronary artery

Question 52

The proportion of wall right/left ventricle

Answer 52

1:3

Question 53

The shape of right ventricle is ….., while left ventricle is ……

Answer 53

Crescentic | Circular

Question 54

Describe parts of interventricular septum

Answer 54

1. Muscular part | 2. Membranous part: consists of interventricular part & atrioventricular part)

Question 55

The membranous part of IV septum is common site for …..

Answer 55

Ventricular septal defect

Question 56

Mention composition of fibrous skeleton of heart

Answer 56

4 rings around orifices of AV, pulmonary & aortic valves and membranous parts of interatrial & IV septa.

Question 57

Mention functions of fibrous skeleton of heart

Answer 57

It keeps orifices patent & prevent overdistension, provides attachments for the leaflets & cusps of the valves & myocardium.

Question 58

Mention surface markings of the heart

Answer 58

A. Lower border of 2nd left costal cartlaige, 1.25 cm from sternal margin B. Upper border of 3rd right costal cartialge, 1.25 cm from sternal margin C. Lower border of 6th right costal cartilage, 1.25 cm from sternal margin D. 5th intercostal space, 9cm from median plane (apex of heart

Question 59

Mention surface markings of coronary groove

Answer 59

A line joining sternal ends of 3rd left & 6th right costal cartilages

Question 60

Mention surface markings of heart valves & their direction

Answer 60

P, horizontal, 3rd left costal cartilage A, oblique, 3rd left intercostal space M, obilque, 4th left costal cartilage T, vertical, 4th intercostal space