Heart Adaptations And Breathing

Question 1

What is the Mechanism of Inspiration?(Inhalation)

Answer 1

External Intercostal Muscle CONTRACTS and Internal Intercostal Muscle RELAXES
Ribs pulled upwards and outwards while diaphragm contracts and Flattens
Increases Thoracic Volume decreasing air pressure so more Air forced into lungs

Question 2

What is the relationship between Thoracic Volume and Air pressure?

Answer 2

Increase Thoracic Volume=Decrease Air Pressure

Question 3

What is the Mechanism for Expiration?

Answer 3

External Intercostal muscle RELAX
Internal Intercostal muscle Contract
Ribs pulled downwards and inwards whilst diaphragm relaxes and Pushed back into dome shape.
Decrease Thoracic Volume increasing Air Pressures so CO2 forced into Atmosphere

Question 4

What are the 3 adaptations of Alveoli?

Answer 4

1.)Large Surface Area so increases Rate of Oxygen diffusion into the blood so respiration efficient.
2.)Surrounded by Network of Capillaries so short diffusion path.
3.) Walls are thin so decreases Diffusion path

Question 5

How does Oxygen Enter the blood?
[oxygen diffusion]

Answer 5

Oxygen diffuses down Concentration Gradient into the blood, from Alveolar Epithelium across Capillary Endothelium into the blood.

Question 6

Where the Adaptations of the Capillaries?

Answer 6

1)Walls are one cell thick so short diffusion path
2)Forms Capillary Beds to have narrow diameter so short diffusion path of oxygen into capillary

Question 7

How does Deoxygenated Blood enters the Aorta?
Which valves allow the blood to enter which ventricle?

Answer 7

Tricuspid Valves open blood enter right ventricle.
Bicuspids Valves open and Blood enters Left Ventricle.

Question 8

How is the blood oxygenated?

Answer 8

Deoxygenated blood enters Pulmonary Artery, which carries the blood to the lungs where its get oxygenated.

Question 9

How does …Blood enters the heart and how does it enter the right ventricle?

Answer 9

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the Vena Cava.
Tricuspid Valves open deoxygenated blood enters right ventricle.

Question 10

How does ….blood enters Pulmonary Veins and How does it enter the Aorta?

Answer 10

Oxygenated Blood enters left atrium by pulmonary Vein and and Enters left ventricle by Bicuspid Valves and left ventricle blood enters Aorta where is pumped across whole body.

Question 11

What are the adaptations of the Heart?
[Hint=2]

Answer 11

1.Has Coronary Artery where it carries oxygen to heart muscle which ensures muscle contracts properly.
2.Left Ventricle walls thicker then right as left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood across whole body so higher muscle power required for high pressure.

Question 12

What is the adaptations of Arteries that allows the Correct amount of oxygen delivered to tissue?

Answer 12

Thick muscular layer so CONSTRICTION AND DILATION CAN control BLOOD VOLUME so correct amount of oxygen delivered to tissue.

Question 13

What allows Arteries to maintain blood pressure?
[1Adaptationsproviding2]

Answer 13

Arteries have a THICK ELASTIC LAYER Which (1)Maintain blood pressure
(2)Allow Stretch and Recoil allowing Maximum Oxygen and NUTRIENTS to tissue.

Question 14

What prevents Arteries from Bursting?

Answer 14

Arteries have thick walls which prevent bursting which can result from high pressure.

Question 15

What are the Adaptations of the Veins?
[3]

Answer 15

(1)Contain Valves which prevent back flow of blood.
(2)Thin Elastic walls-lower pressure as blood only going towards heart.
(3)Thin layers so large surface area so can be FLATTENED helping blood flow to heart.

Question 16

What are the vein and artery called in Liver?

Answer 16

Hepatic

Question 17

What are the veins and artery called in the kidney?

Answer 17

Renal

Question 18

What are the 3 stages in the Cardiac Cycle?

Answer 18

1)Cardiac Diastole
2)Atria Systole and Ventricular Diastole
3)Ventricular Systole

Question 19

What occurs in the Cardiac Diastole?

Answer 19

Atria and Ventricles relax and blood enters Atria which increase volume of Atria increases pressure so pressure Rises so ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES open and blood flows down pressure gradient .

Question 20

What valves open in Cardiac Diastole? And where does blood flow?

Answer 20

Atrioventricular Valves open. Blood flows into ventricles down pressure gradient so ventricular volume increases.

Question 21

What ensures all the blood enters ventricles in Atria Systole and Ventricular Diastole?

Answer 21

Atria Systole- Atria contracts when 50% empty so ensures all blood enters ventricles.

Question 22

What valves occurs in Atria Systole and Ventricular Diastole and what happens to it?

Answer 22

As blood enters ventricle(from contraction) ventricular pressure increases results in Atrioventricular Valves SHUTTING which prevents the back-flow of blood.

Question 23

What occurs in Ventricular Systole?

Answer 23

In Ventricular Systole ventricles contract increasing Ventricular pressure so it’s more than PULMONARY ARTERY.
SEMILUNAR VALVES open and blood flows into Pulmonary Artery.

Question 24

What valves is used in Ventricular Systole? And where does blood flow into?

Answer 24

Semilunar Valves open and blood flow into pulmonary Artery and Blood enters AORTA and pumped across whole body.

Question 25

What is the function of Tissue Fluid?

Answer 25

Tissue Fluid supplies tissue with nutrients and oxygen.

Question 26

How is tissue fluid formed and where does blood first enter?
[Hint 2Steps]

Answer 26

1.Blood enters from Arterioles into the capillary results in very high hydrostatic pressure at arteriole end.
2.Molecules such as GLUCOSE,AminoAcid forced out forming tissue fluid.

Question 27

What causes Hydrostatic Pressure to decrease and how does Tissue Fluid reabsorbed into Capillaries?

Answer 27

1.Large Molecules such as Proteins remains in Capillaries lowering Hydrostatic pressure so lowering water potential.
2.At venule end low Hydrostatic Pressure and water Water Potential so water re-enters by Osmosis
3.Remaining Tissue Fluid absorbed into Lymphatic System later reabsorbed into Capillaries

Question 28

What is the function of Arterioles?
What is the adaptation of Arterioles?

Answer 28

Function of Arterioles is to restrict Blood flow into Capillaries
Adaptation is: THICK MUSCULAR LAYER allows control of blood flow.
Thick to prevent busting due to high pressure.