Heart Altercations

Question 1

varicose veins

Answer 1

veins in which BLOOD has pooled; causes DISTENDED, TORTUOUS, and PALPABLE VEINS

Question 2

varicose veins are caused by what:

Answer 2

• trauma
• gradual venous distention
• injury/standing for too long

Question 3

common risk factors for varicose veins

Answer 3

• age
• female
• family hx
• obesity
• pregnancy
• DVT
• prior leg injury

Question 4

chronic venous insufficiency

Answer 4

• inadequate VENOUS RETURN over a long period
• occurs from VARICOSE VEINS or VALVULAR INCOMPETENCE
• can cause VENOUS STASIS ULCERS

Question 5

thrombus

Answer 5

blood clot that REMAINS attached to a vessel wall

Question 6

thromboembolus

Answer 6

detached thrombus

Question 7

thrombus formation in VEINS

Answer 7

• obstruction of venous flow leading to INCREASED VENOUS PRESSURE

Question 8

triad of virchow

Answer 8

• VENOUS STASIS (immobile, age, heart failure)
• VENOUS ENDOTHELIAL DAMAGE (trauma, surgery, IV medications)
  
  • ex. orthopedic trauma or surgeries
• HYPERCOAGULABLE STATES (inherited disorders, malignancy, pregnancy, oral contra. , hormone replacement)
  
  • ex. pregnancy or factor V leiden mutation, prothrombin mutations, lack of protein S, C, or antithrombin

Question 9

hypertension

Answer 9

• consistent elevation of systemic arterial BP
• sustained SBP of 130 mm Hg or above
• sustained DBP of 80 mm Hg or above

Question 10

primary hypertension

Answer 10

• most common type of HTN
• also known as ESSENTIAL or IDIOPATHIC HTN

Question 11

secondary hypertension

Answer 11

• caused by an UNDERLYING DISORDER that raises one’s PVR or CO
• more rare
• ex. renal disease, adrenocortical tumors, drugs

Question 12

risk factors for primary HTN

Answer 12

• family hx
• diet (high Na, low K, Cal, & Mg)
• tobacco & alcohol intake
• obesity
• glucose intolerance

Question 13

complicated hypertension

Answer 13

• the CHRONIC HTN DAMAGE to the BV and causes target ORGAN DAMAGE within the heart, kidneys, brain & eyes

Question 14

myocardial hypertrophy

Answer 14

• myocardium becomes more thickened and scarred; leading to HT and preserved ejection fraction
• increased heart size = increased need of oxygen - heart contractility is impaired

Question 15

hypertensive crisis

Answer 15

• rapid prog. HTN
  where SBP is > 180 mmHg or DBP is >120 mm Hg
• considered to be life-threatening

Question 16

aneurysms

Answer 16

• local DILATION or OUTPOUCHING of the vessel wall or cardiac chamber

Question 17

true aneurysms

Answer 17

weakening of all three layers of the vessel wall

Question 18

false aneurysms

Answer 18

• type of EXTRAVASCULAR HEMATOMAS that communicate with the intravascular space

Question 19

what vessels are most susceptible to aneurysms?

Answer 19

• the AORTA; ABDOMINAL AORTA
• mainly caused by HTN or ATHEROSCLEROSIS
• can lead to AORTIC DISSECTIOn or RUPTURE

Question 20

thrombus formation

Answer 20

• blood clot that REMAINS attached onto the vessel wall
• mainly forms due to conditions where COAGUALTION processes are activated
  (ex. inflammation, obstruction, infections)

Question 21

embolism

Answer 21

a type of BOLUS of MATTER that is circulating in the bloodstream:
dislodged thrombus, air bubble, aggregate, foreign substance, fat, bacteria

Question 22

thromboangiitis obliterans (buerger disease)

Answer 22

• type of AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE of the PERIPHERAL ARTERIES
• strong association with SMOKING
• thrombi is filled with INFLAMMATORY & IMMUNE CELLS = becomes organized + fibrotic creating PERMAMENT OCCLUSION in the peripheral arteries

Question 23

manifestations - buerger disease

Answer 23

• pain & tenderness
• gangerous lesions or amputations

Question 24

raynaud phenomenon

Answer 24

• type of EPISODIC VASOPASM in the ARTERIES of the FINGERS, less common in the toes
• its primary type is of UNKNOWN ORIGIN
• causes reduced BF in the fingers; creates TEMPORARY DISCOLORATION of the fingers (white or blue) *secondary type

Question 25

what diseases are raynaud's disease secondary to?

Answer 25

- COLLAGEN VASCULAR DISEASE - PULM. HTN - HYPOTHYROIDISM - LONG TERM EXPOSURE to COLD ENVIRONMENT

Question 26

atherosclerosis

Answer 26

- TYPE of ARTERIOsclerosis - caused by the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages within the ARTERIAL WALL - leads to the formation of a lesion known as PLAQUES

Question 27

risk factors of atherosclerosis

Answer 27

smoking, HTN, diabetes, increased LDL, decreased HDL, autoimmunity

Question 28

describe the PROGRESSION of ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Answer 28

- injured endothelial cells - inflammation; increased adhesion - macrophages - growth factors; creation of more smooth muscle cells that create collagen = fibrous plague - can begin to calcify & obstruct blood flow to distal tissues [results = inadequate PERFUSION, ISCHEMIA, and NECROSIS]

Question 29

peripheral arterial disease

Answer 29

- ATHEROSCLEROTIC disease of the ARTERIES that perfuse our limbs - has the same risk factors for atherosclerosis (most prevalent in smokers & older patients)

Question 30

intermittent claudication

Answer 30

- present in PAD - lower extremities ischemia resulting from arterial obstruction in PAD - gradual or acute - leg pain with ambulation - manifestations: - severe pain - loss of pulses - skin color changes