Heart Anatomy

Question 1

Why does the hear function as a dual pump?

Answer 1

It pumps blood through the pulmonary and the systemic circuits.

Question 2

two main chambers of the heart

Answer 2

atria and ventricles

Question 3

Pulmonary circuit

Answer 3

• carries blood to and from the lungs

- right ventricle is the pump

Question 4

systemic circuit

Answer 4

• transports blood to and from the body tissues

- left ventricle is the pump

Question 5

general orientation of the heart

Answer 5

lies on the diaphragm, posterior to the sternum, in the mediastinum

Question 6

Base

Answer 6

posterior and superior surface of the heart

Question 7

Apex

Answer 7

• anterior and inferior, points to the left hip

- level of the fifth left intercostal space

Question 8

Mediastinum is located in:

Answer 8

Located within the thoracic cavity

Question 9

Subdivisions of the mediastinum

Answer 9

Superior Mediastinum

Inferior Mediastinum

• Superior
• Inferior
• ->Anterior
• -> Middle: pericardium and heart
• -> Posterior

Question 10

3 layers of the pericardium

Answer 10

• Fibrous pericardium
• Serous pericardium
• -> Parietal layer
• -> visceral layer

Question 11

Pericardial cavity

Answer 11

contains serous fluid

Question 12

Pericardium functions

Answer 12

• prevents undesired movements
• prevents overfilling of the heart
• reduces friction

Question 13

Pericarditis

Answer 13

-inflammation of pericardium

Question 14

three major layers of the heart wall

Answer 14

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

Question 15

what kinds of tissues make up the epicardium

Answer 15

simple squamous epithelium

arreolar connective tissue and fat

Question 16

what does the myocardium consist of

Answer 16

• cardiac muscle
• bulk of the heart wall
• myocardial infarctions occur here

Question 17

what layer of the pericardium is present in the epicardium

Answer 17

visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Question 18

endocardium consists of:

Answer 18

arreolar connective tissue and endothelium

Question 19

what does the endocardium do

Answer 19

lines the heart chambers and covers the valves

Question 20

what vessels transport oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium

Answer 20

superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus

Question 21

what are the conducting nodes

Answer 21

sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node

Question 22

what supports the right AV valve

Answer 22

the papillary muscles and the chord tendinae

Question 23

left atrium

Answer 23

receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through pulmonary veins

Question 24

left ventricle

Answer 24

pump of the systemic circuit: ejects oxygen-rich blood into the aorta

Question 25

which heart chamber is the most muscular

Answer 25

left ventricle: wall is three times thicker than the right ventricle

Question 26

Valves structure

Answer 26

- composed of dense connective tissue | - 2 or 3 cusps

Question 27

Valves function

Answer 27

- permit passage of blood in one direction | - permit back flow of blood

Question 28

Right AV valve location

Answer 28

inferior portion of the body of the sternum

Question 29

Left AV valve location

Answer 29

left fifth intercostal space

Question 30

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Answer 30

second left intercostal space

Question 31

aortic semilunar valve

Answer 31

second right intercostal space

Question 32

Lub sound

Answer 32

closure of the AV valves

Question 33

Dub sound

Answer 33

closure of the semilunar valves

Question 34

Fibrous skeleton

Answer 34

connective tissue located between the atria and th ventricles

Question 35

Functions of the fibrous skeleton

Answer 35

- separates the atria and the ventricles(structurally and electrically - anchors heart valves - framework for cardiac muscle attachment

Question 36

chambers and major vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood

Answer 36

``` coronary veins coronary sinus superior vena cava inferior vena cava right atrium right ventricle pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries ```

Question 37

oxygen-rich blood

Answer 37

``` pulmonary veins left atrium left ventricle aorta coronary arteries ```

Question 38

Blood flow through the heart

Answer 38

``` Systemic veins superior and inferior venae cavae right atrium right atrioventricular valve right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary trunk and arteries gas exchange in the lungs pulmonary veins left atrium left atrioventricular valve left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta systemic arteries gas and nutrient exchange in peripheral tissues ```

Question 39

Branches of right coronary artery

Answer 39

posterior interventricular artery | right marginal artery

Question 40

Branches of left coronary artery

Answer 40

circumflex artery | anterior interventricular artery

Question 41

myocardial infarction

Answer 41

commonly called a heart attack caused by blockage of a coronary artery -most commonly the left anterior interventricular artery: which is also called the left anterior descending artery

Question 42

what causes the heart muscle to die

Answer 42

lack of blood flow to a region of the myocardium can cause heart muscle to die because of lack of oxygen