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human structure and function > heart anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

heart anatomy and physiology Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

what two systems is the heart innervated by?

A
  • intrinsic conduction system

- extrinsic innervation

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2
Q

what is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

to provide adequate blood flow to tissues/organs according to their needs

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3
Q

what type of cells are part of the intrinsic conduction system?

A

pacemaker cells

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4
Q

what are the five main parts of the intrinsic conduction system?

A
  1. sinoatrial node
  2. atrioventricular node
  3. atrioventricular bundle
  4. bundle branches
  5. purkinje fibres
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5
Q

what does the extrinsic innervation do?

A

ANS modifies the activity of the heart

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6
Q

what are the two cardiac centres of the extrinsic innervation in the medulla oblongata?

A
  • cardioacceleratory centre

- cardioinhibitory centre

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7
Q

what does the cardioacceleratory centre do?

A

increases BOTH HR and force of contraction

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8
Q

is the cardioacceleratory centre parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

sympathetic

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9
Q

what does the cardioinhibitory centre do?

A

decreases HR only

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10
Q

is the cardioinhibitory centre parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

parasympathetic

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11
Q

what nodes does the cardioinhibitory centre innervate?

A

SA node

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12
Q

what nodes does the cardioacceleratory centre innervate?

A

SA and AV nodes

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13
Q

what are the ECG deflection?

A
  • P wave
  • QRS Complex
  • T wave
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14
Q

what causes the P wave?

A

atrial depolarisation

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15
Q

where does the P wave begin?

A

SA node

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16
Q

where does ventricular depolarisation begin?

A

at apex

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17
Q

what wave does ventricular depolarisation cause?

A

ORS complex

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18
Q

what is masked by the QRS complex?

A

atrial repolarisation

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19
Q

where does ventricular repolarisation occur and what wave does it cause?

A

at apex, T wave

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20
Q

what is systole?

A

a period of contraction

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21
Q

what is diastole?

A

period of relaxation

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22
Q

what is the cardiac cycle?

A

one complete heartbeat

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23
Q

what are the three phases of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • ventricular filling
  • ventricular systole
  • early diastole
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24
Q

are the AV valves open or closed in phase one ventricular filling?

A

open

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25
are the SL valves open or closed in phase one ventricular filling?
closed
26
what happens during atrial systole?
both atria contract simultaneously completely filling relaxed ventricles with blood (EDV)
27
what happens in ventricular systole (isovolumetric)?
both ventricles contract, pushing blood upwards and increasing ventricular pressure
28
what does the upward movement of blood during ventricular systole (Isovolumetric contraction) do to the AV valves?
closes them
29
why is Phase 2a called isovolumetric contraction?
ventricular pressure is not great enough to open SL valves so there is no change in blood volume
30
what occurs during ventricular systole (ventricular ejection)?
increasing force of ventricular contraction above arterial pressure. blood ejected into aorta and pulmonary trunk
31
do the SL valves open or close in ventricular systole during ventricular ejection?
open
32
when do theAV vales close during ventricular systole- ventricular ejection?
as ventricular pressure is greater than arterial pressure
33
does ventricular diastole cause the SL valves to open or close?
close
34
what does heart sound 1 sound like?
lubb
35
what does heart sound 2 sound like?
dubb
36
what causes lubb heart sound?
closure of AV valves
37
what causes dubb heart sound?
closure of SL valves
38
what is a heart murmur?
swishing sounds as blood back flows through an incompetent valve
39
how does the P wave correlate electrical and mechanical events?
atrial depolarisation triggers atrial systole
40
how does the QRS complex correlate electrical and mechanical events?
ventricular depolarisation triggers ventricular systole
41
how does the T wave correlate electrical and mechanical events?
ventricular depolarisation results in ventricular diastole
42
what does EDV stand for?
end-diastolic volume
43
what does ESV stand for?
end-systolic volume
44
what is heart rate?
number of beats per min
45
what is stroke volume?
volume of blood ejected per beat (ml)
46
what is cardiac output?
volume of blood pumped into the systemic or pulmonary circuit per min (L/min)
47
what is the equation for SV?
SV= EDV - ESV
48
what is EDV?
the volume of blood in a ventricular at the end of relaxation period
49
what is ESV?
the volume of blood remaining in a ventricle after it has contracted
50
what is EDV determined by?
- venous return | - passive filling time
51
what is venous return?
amount of blood returning to the heart from the systemic or pulmonary circuits
52
what is passive filling time?
time both the atria and ventricle are in diastole
53
does passive filling time increase or decrease as HR increases?
decreases
54
what does venous return depend on?
- total blood volume | - patterns of blood flow determined by muscle/organ activity, sympathetic activity and body position
55
what does EDV determine?
preload
56
what is preload?
the degree the myocardium is stretched before it contracts
57
what does preload determine?
force of ventricular myocardial contraction therefore SV
58
what are factors affecting ESV?
-contractility
59
what is contractility?
amount of force produced by myocardial contraction
60
what is contractility increased by?
- sympathetic stimulation - hormones - high level of extracellular Ca2+ - exercise
61
what is contractility decreased by?
- acidosis | - increased extracellular K+
62
what is afterload?
the pressure that the ventricles must overcome to open SL valves to eject blood into arteries
63
what is the normal range of heartbeats per min?
60-100
64
what is the average rate of bpm?
75bpm (80bpm)
65
what is HR altered to do?
- meet needs of tissues/organs | - compensate for changes inSV
66
what does the cardiovascular centres in the medulla oblongata receive input from?
- proprioceptors - chemoreceptors - baroreceptors
67
does noradrenalin and adrenaline increase or decrease HR?
increases
68
does thyroxine (T4) increase or decrease HR?
increases
69
does increased body temp increase or decrease HR?
increases
70
does decreased body temp increase or decrease HR?
decreases
71
does increased extracellular NA+ or K+ increase or decrease HR?
decreases
72
does increased extracellular Ca2+ increase or decrease HR?
increases
73
whats the equation for cardiac output?
CO= SV x HR
74
what is heart rate determined by?
- ANS - hormones - plasma electrolytes
75
what are the three layers of the heart wall?
- epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
76
what are the three components that supply blood into the right atrium?
- superior and inferior vena cava | - coronary sinus
77
what are the names of the first valve that blood travels through as it enters right ventricle?
- right atrioventricular valve | - tricuspid valve
78
what is the name of the valve that blood moves through from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk?
pulmonary semilunar valve
79
what are the names of the valve that separates the left atrium and ventricle?
- left atrioventricular valve - mitral valve or - bicuspid valve
80
what valve separates the left ventricle and the aorta?
aortic semilunar valve

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