Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

human structure and function > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three main functions that maintain homeostasis in the nervous system?

A
  • sensory function
  • integrative function
  • motor function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does sensory function detect?

A

sensory input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does integrative function analyse and interpret?

A

sensory input and determines appropriate responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does motor function issue?

A

motor output to activate an effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is sensory input detected by?

A

general and special sensory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where are general sensory receptors located?

A

skin, skeletal muscles, tendons, joints and visceral organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the types of general sensory receptors?

A
  • thermoreceptors
  • nociceptors
  • mechanoreceptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what do thermoreceptors detect?

A

changes in temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what do nociceptors detect?

A

painful stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the different types of mechanoreceptors?

A
  • tactile receptors
  • baroreceptors
  • proprioceptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do tactile receptors detect?

A

touch, pressure and vibration stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what do baroreceptors detect?

A

changes in blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do proprioceptors detect?

A

changes in body position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where are special sensory receptors located?

A

eyes, ears, mouth and nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the types of special sensory receptors?

A
  • photoreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • mechanoreceptors called hair cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do photoreceptors detect?

A

light (vision)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do chemoreceptors detect?

A

chemicals in solution (taste and smell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do special sensory mechanoreceptors (hair cells) detect?

A

hearing and balance stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is motor output?

A

activates a specific muscle or gland to cause a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does the CNS consist of?

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does the PNS consist of?

A

sensory receptors and the cranial, spinal and peripheral nerves that link all parts of the body to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the two functional divisions of the PNS?

A

sensory and motor division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does the sensory division convey?

A

sensory input from receptors to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does the motor division convey?

A

conveys motor output from the CNS to a muscle or gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system convey?

A

‘automatic’ motor output from the CNS to the body’s glands, cardiac and smooth muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does the somatic nervous system convey?

A

‘somatic’ motor output from the CNS to body’s skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does sympathetic division control?

A

‘fight or flight’ activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does sympathetic division activate?

A

activates body functions that support physical activity and inhibit those that don’t eg. increase heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the two functional systems of motor division?

A

autonomic and somatic nervous systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the two functional divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what does parasympathetic division control?

A

rest and digest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is neural tissue mostly composed of?

A

neuroglia and neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are the two types of neuroglia found in the PNS?

A
  • satellite cells

- schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are the four types of neuroglia found in the CNS?

A
  • ependymal cells
  • oligodendrocytes
  • astrocytes
  • microglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the four common parts of a neuron?

A
  • dendrites
  • cell body
  • axon (fibre)
  • axon terminals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

are dendrites involved in short or long processes?

A

short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is the main receptive area of a neuron?

A

dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what does the dendrites convert info they receive into?

A

graded potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

where does graded potential generated by the dendrites travel to to be integrated?

A

cell body

40
Q

where does the cell body convey info to after it is graded?

A

initial segment

41
Q

what is the conducting region of a neuron?

A

axon

42
Q

where are action potentials generated and conducted in a neuron?

A

axon

43
Q

what does myelin increase?

A

speed of signal conduction

44
Q

what are segments of myelin separated by?

A

bypasses called nodes of ranvier

45
Q

what do axon terminal form with another cell?

A

synapse

46
Q

what is the secretory region of a neuron?

A

axon terminals

47
Q

what does the axon terminals contain?

A

contain synaptic vesicles which store and release neurotransmitters

48
Q

what are neuron cell bodies clustered in the CNS called?

A

nuclei (nucleus)

49
Q

what are neuron cell bodies clustered in the PNS called?

A

ganglia (ganglion)

50
Q

what are neuron axons that are bundled together in the CNS called?

A

tracts

51
Q

what are neuron axons that are bundled together in the PNS called?

A

nerves

52
Q

what are the different structural classifications of neurons?

A
  • multipolar
  • bipolar
  • unipolar
53
Q

where are multipolar neurons found?

A

CNS and PNS

54
Q

where are bipolar neurons found?

A

special sense organs (rare)

55
Q

where are unipolar neurons found?

A

PNS

56
Q

what type of structure are sensory neurons?

A

unipolar

57
Q

what type of structure are interneurons?

A

multipolar

58
Q

what do sensory neurons do?

A

conduct sensory input from receptors to the CNS

59
Q

what do interneurons do?

A

conduct info within the CNS

60
Q

what do motor neurons do?

A

conduct motor output away from CNS to a muscle or gland

61
Q

what type of structure are motor neurons?

A

multipolar

62
Q

what type of neurons conduct somatic motor output?

A

lower motor neurons

63
Q

what type of neurons conduct automatic motor output?

A

preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

64
Q

what does potential energy =?

A

voltage

65
Q

is the interior of the membrane positive or negative?

A

negative

66
Q

is the exterior of the membrane positive or negative?

A

positive

67
Q

what is the membrane potential?

A

the potential energy separating the charges of the interior and exterior

68
Q

when does a change in membrane potential occur?

A

when ions flow through specific ion channels across membrane

69
Q

what are the two main types of ion channels?

A

leakage and gated channels

70
Q

what are the types of gated channels?

A
  • chemically
  • mechanically
  • voltage-gated channels
71
Q

what does a chemically-gated channel open in response to?

A

a chemical stimulus eg. neurotransmitter

72
Q

where are chemically-gated channels located on a neuron?

A

dendrites and cell body

73
Q

what does a mechanically-gated channel open in response to?

A

a mechanical stimulus eg. touch, vibration and pressure

74
Q

what does a voltage-gated channel open and close in response to?

A

voltage changes

75
Q

where are mechanically-gated channels located on a neuron?

A

dendrites

76
Q

where are voltage-gated channels located on a neuron?

A

axon and axon terminals

77
Q

what is the resting membrane potential?

A

approx -70mV

78
Q

what are the two types of signals of the nervous system?

A
  • graded potential

- action potential (nerve impulses)

79
Q

is a graded potential a short or long distance signal?

A

short

80
Q

is an action potential a short or long distance signal?

A

long

81
Q

where do graded potentials originate?

A

dendrites or cell body

82
Q

what does the graded potential stimulate?

A

voltage-gated Na+ channels to open

83
Q

where do action potentials originate?

A

initial segment

84
Q

what type of gated channels are involved with graded potential?

A

chemically or mechanically-gated channels

85
Q

what type of gated channels are involved with action potential?

A

voltage-gated channels

86
Q

what happens to the membrane potential when depolarisation occurs?

A

becomes less negative

87
Q

what is the threshold of depolarisation?

A

-55mV

88
Q

what occurs at the threshold during depolarisation?

A

voltage-gated Na+ channels at initial segment open and Na+ ions diffuse into ICF

89
Q

during repolarisation at a membrane potential of +30mV what occurs?

A

voltage-gated Na+ channels close and voltage-gated K+ channels open, K+ ions diffuse out of ICF

90
Q

after K+ ions leave the ICF what happens to the membrane potential?

A

loss of positive ions returns the membrane potential to -70mV

91
Q

what happens to the membrane potential during hyperpolarisation?

A

becomes more negative and shifts from -70mV to -90mV

92
Q

what occurs during hyperpolarisation?

A

voltage-gated K+ channels slowly close

93
Q

where does continuous conduction occur?

A

unmyelinated axons

94
Q

where does saltatory conduction occur?

A

myelinated axons

95
Q

where are action potentials generated in continuous conduction?

A

voltage-gated channels along length of axon

96
Q

where are action potentials generated in saltatory conduction?

A

nodes of ranvier

human structure and function (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions