heart and lungs

Question 1

how are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

Answer 1

many aveoli to create a large surface area to maximize diffusion and results in quicker diffusion

Question 2

one cell thick wall so there is a short diffusion distance

Question 3

good network of capillaries so theres good blood supply and short diffusion distance to maintain the concentration gradient between oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 6

how many circulatory systems does a human have?

Answer 6

we have a double circulatory system

Question 7

what is the pulmonary circuit?

Answer 7

the pulmonary circuit sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 8

what is the sysmetic circuit?

Answer 8

sends oxygenated blood to the body cells

Question 9

where are valves found and what is their purpose?

Answer 9

found in veins and help prevent backflow of blood

Question 10

what is a pacemaker?

Answer 10

pacemaker cells control electrical activity causing the heart to beat

Question 12

where is the pacemaker

Question 13

the pacemaker is in the right atrium

Question 15

function and adaption of the red blood cell

Answer 15

the function-contains haemoglobin to deliver oxygen to the body cells

Question 16

They have a biconcave shape to increase the surface area so the rate of diffusion in and out of the cell is increased

Question 17

They contain a red pigment called haemoglobin which carries oxygen gas

Question 18

They dont have a nucleus, this maximizes the amount of room for haemoglobin so that the red blood cell can carry more oxygen

Question 19

function of a white blood cell and what they do

Answer 19

function-part of the immune system and kills pathogens

Question 20

Phagocytes- need to be flexible to surround and engulf the microorganism

Question 21

its then digested by powerful enzymes and killed

Question 22

Lymphocytes-produce antibodies that are complementary to the antigen of the foreign microorganism and bind to them to kill it

Question 23

produce antitoxins that are complementary to the toxins released and neutralizes it

Question 24

what are platelets and what do they do?

Answer 24

they are small fragments of cells and have no nucleus

Question 25

when a blood vessel is damaged platelets seal and clot the wound to prevent blood loss and microorganisms entering the wound

Question 26

what is plasma and what does it do?

Answer 26

its a straw coloured liquid and carries different types of cells contained in the blood

Question 27

some substances being carried are dissolved directly into the plasma eg the waste product, carbon dioxide thats been removed from the body and is being transported to the lungs

Question 28

information about arteries

Answer 28

carries blood away from the heart (oxygenated)

Question 29

wall is thicker than veins

Question 30

have a thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres

Question 31

under high pressure

Question 32

no valves

Question 33

small lumen

Question 34

information about veins

Answer 34

carries blood to the heart (deoxygenated)

Question 35

wall is thinner than arteries

Question 36

have a thin layer of muscle and elastic fibres

Question 37

under low pressure

Question 38

has valves

Question 39

large lumen

Question 40

information about capillaries

Answer 40

allows gas exchange to occur (carbon dioxide and oxygen)

Question 41

wall is one cell thick

Question 42

one red blood cell at a time to increase diffusion

Question 43

under low pressure

Question 44

substances delivered by the blood to body cells and tissues?

Answer 44

oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids,

Question 45

substances removed by the blood as waste

Answer 45

lactic acids, carbon dioxide, urea

Question 46

what is coronary heart disease?

Answer 46

coronary heart disease is when there is a build up of fat in the coronary arteries`

Question 47

This reduces the flow of blood so less oxygen is delivered to heart muscle cells

Question 48

without oxygen, heart muscle ells cant do respiration and no energy is released for muscle contraction

Question 49

the heart muscle cells die and it leads to a heart attack

Question 51

what is cancer?

Answer 51

cancer is uncontrolled cell growth and division

Question 52

what is a benign tumor?

Answer 52

cell divisions that are not cancerous and the cells dont spread to other areas of the body

Question 53

what is malignant tumor?

Answer 53

multiplying cells spread to other parts of the body via the bloodstream

Question 54

where secondary tumors form

Question 55

what is a risk factor and examples?

Answer 55

things that increase in the likelihood that a person will develop a certain disease during their lifetime eg

Question 56

high fat diet

Question 57

lack of exercise

Question 58

being overweight

Question 59

smoking

Question 60

high blood pressure

Question 61

genetics

Question 62

what is a stent?

Answer 62

a wire mesh that is inserted in the coronary artery. It opens it up so blood can flow and oxygen can be delivered to heart muscle cells

Question 63

what are pros and cons of stents?

Answer 63

pros: lower risk of heart attacks in people with CHD

Question 64

effective for a long time

Question 65

short recovery time after surgery

Question 66

Cons: small surgery but still at risk of complications from surgery eg infection and blood loss

Question 67

risk of delivery blood clot near stent

Question 68

What are statins?

Answer 68

a type of drug that lowers the amount of cholesterol in the blood.This reduces the chances of fatty material building up in the coronary artery

Question 69

what are pros and cons of statins?

Answer 69

pros: lower risk of heart attacks in people with CHD

Question 70

increase the amount of good cholesterol in the blood which prevents other diseases

Question 71

cons:a long term drug that needs to be taken regularly, some people may forget to take the drug

Question 72

side affects such as memory loss, headaches,kidney and liver failure

Question 73

effect is not instant takes time to work

Question 74

What is a bypass surgery?

Answer 74

a vein is removed from the leg and is attached to the heart to go around the blocked coronary artery

Question 75

What are the pros and cons of a bypass surgery?

Answer 75

pros: lower risk of heart attacks in people with CHD

Question 76

cons: major surgery so risk of compilations from operation eg infection and blood loss

Question 77

advantages and disadvantages of a heart transplant?

Answer 77

advantages: comes from another human heart so is fully functioning and does not need replacing

Question 78

disadvantages: longer wait time from a donor than an AH

Question 79

blood type and tissue type between donor and recipient have to match

Question 80

chance of rejection, white blood cells might attack and then may have to take immunosuppressant drugs

Question 82

advantages and disadvantages of an artificial heart?

Answer 82

pros: readily available as it is made from plastic and metal so shorter waiting time

Question 83

not made out of living tissue so less chance of rejection from the immune system

Question 84

cons: parts of the heart could wear out or the electrical motor could fail

Question 85

blood doesn’t flow through as well so theres a risk of blood clots so patient must take thinners, however this is risky as if you get a cut your blood wont clot

Question 87

how are valves diseased or damaged and what happens when they are?

Answer 87

can be weakened or damaged by heart attacks, infection or old age. The damage may cause the tissue to stiffen so it wont open properly or the valve may be leaky allowing blood to flow in both directions rather than just flowing forwards

Question 88

pros and cons of a biological valve?

Answer 88

pros: replaces faulty valve

Question 89

lower risk of blood clots because they are made from animal or human tissue

Question 90

cons: religious issues surrounding their use

Question 91

tissue from human or animal so risk of rejection from immune system

Question 92

need to take immunosuppressant drugs

Question 93

major surgery so risk of blood loss, infection or clots

Question 94

pros and cons of mechanical valves?

Answer 94

pros: replaces faulty valve

Question 95

no risk of rejection by the immune system as made of metal

Question 96

cons: not human tissue so blood doesn’t flow as well through so can result in blood clots

Question 97

major surgery so risk of blood loss, infection or clots so requires thinners, however this is risky as if you get a cut your blood wont clot