Heart and respiratory system communicable diseases Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Function of plasma
A
Carries an array of proteins to slow bleeding and helps clotting.
This is the fluid that carries red white blood cells and platelets also transport hormones antibodies CO2 and urea
2
Q
Function of red blood cells
A
Carry oxygen and nutrients
3
Q
What are the adaptations of a red blood cell
A
It contains haemoglobin helps to transport oxygen from the lungs to other parts of body
No nucleus holds more haemoglobin to transport oxygen
Biconcave shape so has a large surface area for fossil diffusion of oxygen
4
Q
What is the function of a white blood cell
A
Defend against disease it does this by ingesting pathogens and producing antibodies to destroy pathogens it also produces antitoxins neutralise toxin released by pathogens
5
Q
Function of platelets
A
Stop bleeding help heal
Help with clotting smallest and lightest blood cell
Provide a seal to prevent bleeding
6
Q
Function of arteries
A
Carry blood away from heart organs are usually holds bright red oxygenated
7
Q
Adaptations of a artery
A
Elastic tissue so arteries can be stretched on the high blood pressure due to pumping of the heart thickest wall and smallest lumen
8
Q
Function of veins
A
Carry blood to your heart from the organs usually holds the purple red deoxygenated blood
9
Q
Adaptations of a vein
A
It has valves to prevent backflow of blood thinner wall but large lumen than arteries
10
Q
What veins carry oxygenated blood
A
Pulmonary vein
Umbilical vein
11
Q
What arteries carry deoxygenated blood
A
Pulmonary artery
Umbilical artery
12
Q
What are the function of capillaries
A
Form a highly branched network linking arteries and veins
13
Q
Adaptations of the capillaries
A
Capillary wall is one cell thick so materials can be exchanged between blood and body cells
Smallest blood vessel
14
Q
What is the double circulatory system
A
Pulmonary circulation:
Right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs for gas exchange
Systematic circulation:
Left side of the heart pumps blood to other parts of body under high pressure
15
Q
Function of a pacemaker
A
The pacemaker sends out electrical impulses to the atrial wall causing the atria to contract blood therefore flows from the atria to the ventricle
16
Q
What does myogenic mean
A
That the heart can initiate its own contractions
17
Q
Where is the pacemaker located in the heart
A
Right atrium
18
Q
What is the AV node
A
The electrical impulses passed to the ventricle wall causing the veranicles to contract blood therefore flows from the ventricle to the artery
19
Q
What is the direction of airflow
A
Inhaled air
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveoli
20
Q
Definition of inhalation
A
The movement of air into the lungs
21
Q
Definition of exhalation
A
The movement of air out of lungs
22
Q
What does ventilation equal
A
Inhalation +exhalation
23
Q
What is the process of inhalation
A
External intercostal muscles contract
Rib cage moves up and out
Diaphragm contracts and flattens
Volume of thorax increases
Pressure inside thorax decreases
Air is drawn into lungs
24
Q
What is the process of exhalation
A
External intercostal muscles expand and relax
Rib cage moves down and in
Therefore diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome shaped
Volume of thorax decreases
Pressure inside thorax increases
Areas moved out from lungs
25
What percentage of CO2 oxygen nitrogen and water vapour are in inhaled air
Co2 0.04%
Oxygen 21%
Nitrogen 78%
Water vapour less in inhaled air
26
What percentage of CO2 oxygen nitrogen and water vapour or an exhaled air
Co2 4%
Oxygen 16%
Nitrogen 78%
Water vapour more in exhaled air
27
What is the equation for respiration
Glucose + oxygen Turns into CO2 + water + energy
28
What is the function of alveoli
Site for gas exchange oxygen defuses into blood from alveoli CO2 defuses out of the blood into the alveoli
29
What is the order of gas exchange
Oxygen rich and air travels down the trachea
Oxygen rich and air travels down one of the two bronchi
Oxygen rich and air travels down one of the many bronchioles The oxygen rich and air then reaches the alveoli sacks
In the alveoli gas exchange occurs between the blood in the air in the lungs
Oxygen in inhaled air moves into the blood and carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the air in the lungs Oxygen is taken Around the body in the blood carbon dioxide Richard Gere‘s exhaled
30
What are some adaptations of the alveoli
Alveoli have always one cell thick so shortens the diffusion distance for gases so faster diffusion they have a large surface area to increase rate of diffusion of gases the alveoli are surrounded by many blood capillaries to maintain high concentration gradient to increase the rate of diffusion of gases
31
How did layers of fatty materials mainly form in the coronary artery
Dietary cholesterol and cholesterol synthesised by the liver
32
What is cardiovascular disease
What are the coronary arteries are have built up in fatty acids (plaque) the coronary artery loses its elasticity it is now blocked this reduces blood flow through coronary artery resulting in a lack of oxygen and glucose for cardiac muscles cardiac muscles cannot release enough energy in aerobic respiration
33
What is LDL
Cholesterol, sometimes called bad cholesterol makes up most of your body is cholesterol when there is too much in the blood it forms plaque
34
What is HDL
Cholesterol, called good cholesterol absorbs cholesterol in the blood carries back to the liver
35
Definition of communicable diseases
Caused by pathogens that can spread between individuals and have shorter lasting health effects
36
Definition of noncommunicable diseases
Not caused by pathogens and have long-lasting health effects
37
Examples of communicable diseases
Chickenpox, covid 19, communicable flu
38
Examples of non communicable diseases
Cardiovascular disease, asthma, cancer
39
What Increase the rate of disease
Alcohol
Smoking
Obesity
Carcinogens
Smiling and alcohol
Diet smoking exercise
40
What happens when skin is wounded
Play this release chemicals that cause soluble fibrinogen proteins to form a mass of insoluble fibrin fibres across the wound Play let’s stick together to form close to get stuck in the fibrin mesh red blood cells also get stuck in Fibrin mesh forming a clot this develops into a scab which protects the wound as it heals
41
What is cancer caused bye
Changes in DNA of cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and diffusion this results in the formation of a tumour not all tumours cancerous
42
Definition of a tumour
Abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably
43
What is a malignant tumour
Cells invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body via blood and lymph what are the form secondary tumours malignant tumour disrupts functioning of the originators organs and organs they spread to
44
What is a benign Cheema
Growth of an abnormal cells which are contained in one area within a membrane cells do not invade other parts of the body
45
What are some risk factors of cancer
Obesity
Smoking
UV radiation
Viral infection
46
What types of cancer can risk factors lead to
Obesity – bowel cancer liver and kidney
Smoking – lung mouth and throat stomach cancer
UV radiation – skin cancer
Viral infection – cervical liver cancer
47
What was the first drug discovered
Penicillin
48
What are new drugs tested for
Toxicity
Efficacy
Dose
They then get paid reviewed to confirm result accuracy results can then be published
49
What is binary fission
Cells dividing
Bacteria multiply by binary fission once every 20 minutes
50
Steps of binary fission
Replication of circular DNA
A copy of circular DNA moves to each pole of cell
Cytoplasm divides
New cell walls form around each daughter cell
51
What are conditions for binary fission
Appropriate temperature and nutrients
Moisture
52
How do you calculate the rate of bacteria
Number of colonies/hours
53
What is important for the group of microorganisms in the lab
Aseptic techniques
54
What are two types of medication
Antibiotics – treat the cause of disease
Painkillers – treat symptoms of disease
55
Definition of antibiotics
Medicines that kill bacteria not viruses inside body by stopping the cellular processes specific bacteria are treated by specific antibiotics
56
Four ways antibiotics affect bacteria cells that kill them
Disrupt cell wall synthesis
Inhibit RNA synthesis
Inhibit DNA replication
Inhibit protein synthesis
57
How does a cell become antibiotic resistant
When antibiotics are overused and so develops resistance
58
What are the steps of a cell coming antibiotic resistant
Bacteria have random mutations in DNA
Some bacteria become antibiotic resistant
If these resistant bacteria are exposed to antibiotics they still survive and reproduce
Overtime there are large population of antibiotic resistant bacteria
59
What is MRSA
Strain of staphylococcus aureus that have developed resistance to matlicillin
60
Four types of pathogens
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protists
61
Definition of pathogens
Pathogens or microorganisms that cause infectious diseases
62
What are the two types of pathogen transmission
Direct transition
Indirect transition
63
What does direct transition include
Direct contact
Sexual contact
Placental transfer from mother to foetus through placentor
64
What does indirect transmission include
Vector(organisms that can transfer pathogen from one house to another Duchy mosquito)
Droplet infection
Waterborn and food
65
What can reduce the spread of a disease
Personal hygiene
Isolating infected individuals
Destroying vectors
Vaccinations
66
How do you calculate the rate of blood flow
Volume of blood / number of minutes
67
How does a stent work
A narrow tube is placed at the blocked vessel A tiny balloon is inflated one balloon pushes stent against artery wall increases lumen with the balloon and tube of them removed blood come flow through
68
Advantages and disadvantages of a stent
Advantages
Effective reduce risk of heart attack
Simple procedure
Lost long time
Disadvantages
Need surgery
Risk of blood clots
69
How does a statin work
Statin reduces cholesterol level in blood by blocking an enzyme in the liver which is needed to make a list of the slows down the rate of fatty material is building up reducing risk of cardiovascular disease
70
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a statin
Advantages reduce level of LDL cholesterol and blood reducing risk of plaque formation increases levels of HDL cholesterol and blood absorbing LDL cholesterol disadvantages taken regularly and long-term side-effects like muscle and joint pain
71
How does a heart transplant work
An operation to replace a failing heart was a healthy heart from a donor who has recently died
72
Advantages and disadvantages of a heart transplant
Advantages do not need to wait for long for an artificial heart less chance for patients amine system rejecting artificial heart disadvantages long waiting list for real hearts artificial heart does not work effectively in pumping blood around body
73
How many stages are there to developing a drug and what are they
3
Preclinical testing
Whole organism testing
Clinical trials
74
What happens in preclinical testing
Turn on a lavatory using cells tissues and live animals efficacy and toxicity are tested at this stage
75
What happens in hall organism testing
Drugs tested on animals to see the effects on in a whole organism or medicines in the UK have to have tests on two different animals by law efficacy toxicity and dosage are tested at this stage
76
What happens in clinical trials
The first stage uses healthy volunteers and patients very low doses of drugs are given at the start if the drug is found to be safe further clinical trials increased dosage to find the optimum dose for the drug stage two uses patients with conditions Haitians are split into two groups for double blind trials group with drug group with Placebo test the lowest dose
77
What is a placebo
A tablet that looks like a drug but it’s not
78
What are some aseptic techniques
All work should be carried out in front of a Bunsen burner with a yellow flame because bacteria is killed around the flame
Hot Igor jelly is poured into a sterilised petri dish the Petri dish and culture medium are heated to a high temperature to kill any potential microorganisms that could contaminate the experiment
An inoculating loop is passed through a hot flame before used to transfer bacteria to the culture medium microorganisms in the loop are killed to prevent contamination
Delete of petri dish should be secured with tape at intervals and dish stored upside down to prevent condensation from dripping onto surface of the agar
79
What temperature must bacteria be incubated at in a school laboratory
Should not be stored above 25° to prevent harmful bacteria growing
80
What is the mechanism of a viral diseases
Viruses reproduce by inserting genetic material in the house sells once many viruses copies have been made the house so will burst open and release viruses which infect other cells
81
What are three viruses
Measles HIV tobacco mosaic virus
82
What are the symptoms methods of transmission and treatment and prevention of measles
Symptoms
Fever blindness read blotchy rash methods of transmission coughing sneezing it is very contagious inhaling droplets treatment and prevention no specific treatment prevention includes getting vaccinated isolating infected individuals
83
What are the symptoms methods of transmission and treatment and prevention of HIV
Flu like illness it can stay hidden till it is badly damaged the body methods of transmission Sharon blood sexual contact exchange of bodily fluids from mother to child during birth of breast milk feeding treatment there is no treatment
84
What are the symptoms methods of transmission and treatment and prevention of tobacco mosaic virus
Symptoms distinctive mosaic pattern of discolouration of leaves as viruses infect chloroplast methods of transmission plants in direct contact with infected plants can stay in soil for 50 years treatment and prevention no treatment prevention includes good food hygiene using TMV resistant crops
85
Mechanism of bacterial diseases
Bacteria produce toxins that damage cells and tissues directly
86
Two bacterial diseases
Salmonella gonorrhoea
87
What are the symptoms methods of transmission and treatment and prevention of salmonella
Symptoms include cramps diarrhoea heightened vomiting message of transmission contaminated food that has not been cooked properly commonly found in eggs and egg products treatment and prevention no treatment needed for severe illness antibiotics will be prescribed to prevent good hygiene cook and store food is at right temp
88
What are the symptoms methods of transmission and treatment and prevention of Gonorrhoea
Symptoms include pain yellowish discharge from Vigina or penus methods of transmission unprotected sexual contact treatment and prevention abstain from sexual contact use condom and sex treated with antibiotics
89
What is the mechanism of fungal diseases
Hyphae fungi grow and penetrate surface of plants and animals causing infections hyphae. Hyphae can also produce spores which can spread the infection to other organisms
90
Two examples of fungal diseases
Rose black spot
Athletes foot
91
What are the symptoms methods of transmission and treatment and prevention of rose black spot
Symptoms black spots on leaves of plants poor growth of plants due to reduced photosynthesis methods of transmission fungal spores carried in the wind or water treatment treating infected plants with gangicide chemicals
92
How to protist disease is spread
Need a vector to transfer from one host to another
93
Example of a protist disease
Malaria
94
What are the symptoms methods of transmission and treatment and prevention of malaria
Symptoms include very cold fever headache chills sweats nausea vomiting shaking message of transmission bite of a mosquito treatment and prevention can be treated with drugs antimalarial drugs can be prescribed controlling mosquito population wear long clothes
