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Pediatrics > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

skin cues of blood disorders

A

pallor
petechia
bruising

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2
Q

the most common hematologic disorder of infancy and childhood is…?

A

anemia

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3
Q

What is Anemia?

A

low # of RBC’s or hgb concentration; decreases oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

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4
Q

Consequence of anemia

A

decreased amount of oxygen available to tissues

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5
Q

what is the best diagnostic method for anemia?

A

routine screening

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6
Q

s/s of anemia

A

dizziness
lightheadedness
headache

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7
Q

Hemoglobin below…is considered anemia

A

10-11 g/dl

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8
Q

what to remember for blood transfusion therapy

A

verify identity of pt and blood type
be aware of reactions
monitor vs
use appropriate filter
use blood within 30 min of arrival
infuse of 4 hr max

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9
Q

what are some transfusion reactions?

A

fever
allergic reactions (urticaria, pruritus, laryngeal edema)
air emboli
hypothermia
electrolyte disturbances

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10
Q

what are some transfusion responsibilities?

A

transfuse slowly for first 15-20 min
monitor vs and stay with patient
STOP TRANSFUSION IMMEDIATELY IF S/S

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11
Q

Iron-Deficiency Anemia

A

caused by inadequate supply of dietary iron

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12
Q

How is milk and anemia related?

A

milk is a poor source of iron

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13
Q

what education would you provide about anemia?

A

use only breast milk
iron fortified formula
iron turns stool tarry green or black
liquid iron can stain teeth

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14
Q

how do you prevent bad oral staining from liquid iron?

A

take through a straw

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15
Q

What can interfere with iron metabolism?

A

calcium

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16
Q

Hemolysis

A

excessive destruction of RBCs

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17
Q

what factors can lead to a sickle cell crisis?

A

trauma
infection
fever
physical/emotional stress
hypoxia

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18
Q

3 types of sickle cell crisis

A

vasoocclusive
splenic sequestration
aplastic

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19
Q

Vasoocclusive

A

stasis of blood with clumping
pain, tissue engorgement

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20
Q

Splenic sequestration s/s

A

life threatening
blood pools in spleen
shock, hypovolemia, anemia

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21
Q

aplastic crises s/s

A

diminished production increased destruction of RBCs
caused by viral infection
profound anemia and pallor

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22
Q

Acute chest syndrome s/s

A

presents like pneumonia
chest pain, fever, cough, tachypnea, wheezing, hypoxia,

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23
Q

What are causes of iron deficiency anemia?

A

inadequate supply of iron
impaired iron absorption
blood loss
excessive demands for iron

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24
Q

Hereditary Spherocytosis

A

hemolytic disorder caused by a defect in the proteins

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25
Q

s/s of hereditary spherocytosis

A

anemia
splenomegaly, jaundice

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26
Q

what is the leading cause of death in young children with sickle cell?

A

bacterial infection

27
Q

what is acute chest syndrome?

A

when there is sickling of blood cells in the lungs causing blockage

28
Q

what are some food sources of iron?

A

beans
lentils
green leafy veggies
red meat

29
Q

What is iron chelation?

A

removal of iron in blood with medication from too many blood transfusions

30
Q

nursing care for sickle cell

A

assessments
maintain hydration
multisystem assessment

31
Q

what is a potential cure for sickle cell disease?

A

human tumor stem cell transplant

32
Q

what is Thalassemia?

A

body makes fewer RBC’s and hgb

33
Q

s/s of thalassemia

A

chronic hypoxia, headache, exercise intolerance

34
Q

4 types of beta-thalassemia

A

minor, trait, intermedia, major/cooley anemia

35
Q

what is thalassemia minor?

A

is an asymptomatic carrier

36
Q

what is thalassemia trait?

A

mild microcytic anemia in which RBC’s are smaller and less in color than normal

37
Q

what is thalassemia intermedia?

A

moderate to severe anemic symptoms plus splenomegaly

38
Q

what is thalassemia major/ cooley anemia

A

severe anemia requiring transfusions to survive

39
Q

what is the drug for iron chelation?

A

deferoxamine

40
Q

what is the prognosis for someone with thalassaemia?

A

stunted growth
delayed secondary sex characteristics

41
Q

what is a potential cure for thalassaemia?

A

bone marrow transplant

42
Q

what are some clinical presentations of someone with thalassemia?

A

pallor
anorexia
enlarged spleen
enlarged head
prominent frontal or parietal bosses

43
Q

Aplastic Anemia (AA)

A

all formed elements of the blood are depressed

44
Q

what is the main difference of aplastic anemia and hypoplastic anemia?

A

hypoplastic is depressed RBC’s only
aplastic is depressed RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets

45
Q

Hemostasis

A

process that stops bleeding when a blood vessel is injured

46
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

difficulty controlling bleeding due to missing clotting factors

47
Q

Hemophilia A

A

common type
deficient in factor VII (serum prothrombin)

48
Q

Hemophilia B (Christmas disease)

A

Deficiency in factor IX (plasma thromboplastin)

49
Q

Which gender are affected most by hemophilia A?

A

Males

50
Q

Hemarthrosis

A

bleeding into joint space of knee, ankle, elbow

51
Q

Manifestations of hemophilia?

A

ecchymosis, epistaxis, bleeding after procedures

52
Q

how is hemophilia treated?

A

replacing clotting factors with DDAVP

53
Q

What are some ways to manage hemarthrosis?

A

elevate and immobilize joint
ice
analgesics
ROM after bleeding
avoid obesity

54
Q

How can you prevent bleeding?

A

close supervision
shave only with electric razor
dental procedures in controlled situation

55
Q

Von Willebrand Disease

A

an hereditary bleeding disorder with deficiency of von willebrand factor

56
Q

why is the von willebrand factor important?

A

needed for platelet adhesion

57
Q

Manifestations of von willebrand disease

A

easy bruising
nose bleeds
gingival bleeding
excessive bleeding with lacerations or surgeries
menorrhagia

58
Q

interventions for epistaxis

A

sit up and lean forward
apply pressure for 10 mins
do not insert cotton or blow nose
apply ice or cold cloth

59
Q

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

A

bleeding disorder involving:
1.) destruction of platelets (thrombocytopenia)
2.) discoloration caused by petechiae (purpura)
3.) normal bone marrow with increase in large immature platelets

60
Q

What platelets are increased with ITP?

A

eosinophils and megakaryocytes

61
Q

Manifestations of ITP

A

petechiae
ecchymosis
epistaxis
bleeding gums
melena

62
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

A

Coagulation is abnormally stimulated

63
Q

Neutropenia

A

reduction in absolute number of circulating neutrophils
less than 1000 in infants
less 1500 in children older than 1

Pediatrics (17 decks)

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