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Wolfpacc Clues COPY > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

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1
Q

What does high WBC and High PMN’s tell you?

A
  • Stress demargination
    • (Stress response - post trauma)
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2
Q

What does a high WBC and <5% Blasts tell you?

A
  • Leukemoid reaction - seen in burn patients or any extreme stress
    • (extreme demargination looks like Leukemia)
  • Metamyelocytes => Myelocytes
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3
Q

What does high WBC and Bands tell you?

A

Left shift - they have an infection

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4
Q

What does high WBC and >5% Blasts tell you?

A

Leukemia

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5
Q

What does high WBC and B Cells tell you?

A

Bacterial infection

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6
Q

What diseases have high eosinophils?

A
  • “NAACP”
    • N - Neoplasm (Lymphoma)
    • A - Allergy/ Asthma
    • A - Addison’s disease (no cortisol -relative eosinophilia)
    • C - Collagen Vascular disease
    • P - Parasites
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7
Q

What diseases have high Monocytes (>15%)?

A
  • “STELS”
    • Syphilis: chancre, rash, warts
    • TB: Hemoptysis, night sweats
    • EBV: Teen sick for a month
    • Listeria: Sick baby
    • Salmonella: Food poisoning
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8
Q

What do high Retics (>1%) tell you?

A

RBC is being destroyed peripherally

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9
Q

What do low Retics tell you?

A

Decreased production of bone marrow - not working right

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10
Q

What is Poikilocytosis?

A

RBC’s of different shapes

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11
Q

What is Anisocytosis?

A

RBC’s with different sizes

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12
Q

What is the RBC normal lifespan?

A

120 days

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13
Q

What is the RBC lifespan when there is a problem?

A

60-90 days (same time as the shelf life of blood bank units)

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14
Q

What is the Platelet lifespan?

A

7 days

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15
Q

What does “Penia” tell you?

A

Low Levels - (Usually due to virus or drugs)

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16
Q

What does “Cytosis” tell you?

A

High levels

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17
Q

What does “Cythemia” tell you?

A

High levels

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18
Q

What is the difference between Plasma and Serum?

A
  • Plasma: No RBC’s
  • Serum: No RBC’s or Fibrinogen
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19
Q

What are the Microcytic Hypochromic Anemias?

A
  • Defect in Hb synthesis (RBC small and pale) “FAST lead”
    • F - Fe Deficiency
    • A - Anemia of Chronic Disease
    • S - Sideroblastic Anemia
    • T - Alpha and Beta Thalassemia’s
    • L - Lead poisoning
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20
Q

What will you see with Iron Deficiency Anemia?

A
  • Increased TIBC
  • associated with
    • menses
    • GI bleeding
    • and Koilonychia
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21
Q

What will you see with Anemia of Chronic Disease?

A

Decreased TIBC

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22
Q

What will you see with Sideroblastic Anemia?

A
  • Decreased dALA synthase
  • common with blood transfusions
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23
Q

What will you see with Alpha Thalassemia?

A
  • Seen in African Americans and Asian Americans
    • (Chromosome 16- deletion)
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24
Q

What will you see in Beta Thalassemia?

A
  • Seen in Mediterranean’s
    • (chromosome 11- point mutation)
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25
What will you see in Lead Poisoning?
* Decreased dALA dehydrogenase * decreased Ferrochelatase * blue lines on x-ray * history of eating old paint chips
26
What are the Megaloblastic Anemias?
* Vitamin B-12 Deficiency * folate deficiency * alcohol
27
What are some causes of Vitamine B12 deficiency?
* Tapeworms * Veganism * Type A gastritis * Pernicious Anemia
28
What are some causes of Folate Deficiency?
Old food, you will see Glossitis with the patient
29
What is the effect of Alcohol on the fetus?
* FAS * Smooth philtrum * short * polyclonal * midface hypoplasia * thin superior Vermilion border
30
What are the Intravascular Hemolytic Anemias?
* IgM G6PD deficiency * cold autoimmune
31
What are some causes of G6PD Deficiency?
* Sulfa drugs * mothballs * fava beans * sudden drop in Hb
32
What are some causes of Cold Autoimmune?
* Mono * Mycoplasma infection * Antibody (IgM) bind to RBC's membrane * cold temp and causes agglutination
33
What are the Extravascular Hemolytic anemias?
* Spherocytosis * warm autoimmune * Paroxysmal cold autoimmune * Sickle cell anemia
34
What is seen in Spherocytosis?
* Defective Spherin or Ankyrin * Positive Osmotic Fragility test * High level of MCHC * teardrops
35
What is seen in Warm Autoimmune?
* Anti-Rh Ab Dapsone * PTU * antimalarials, and sulfa drugs * Antibody (IgG) binds to RBC's membrane in warm temp
36
What is seen in Paroxysmal Cold Auto Autoimmune?
Bleeds after cold exposure Donath-Landsteiner Ab
37
What is seen in Sickle Cell Anemia?
* Crew-cut on x-ray * Avascular Necrosis of femur
38
What are the Production Anemias?
* Diamond-Blackfan * Aplastic Anemia
39
What is seen in Diamond-Blackfan Anemia?
They have low RBCs and double jointed thumbs
40
What is seen / causes in Aplastic Anemia?
* Pancytopenia * Autoimmune * Benzene * AZT * Chloramphenicol * Radiation
41
What is Basophilic Stippling?
* Lots of immature cells * increased mRNA (seen in lead poisoning)
42
What is a Bite Cell?
Unstable Hb inclusions (seen in G6PD Deficiency)
43
What are Burr Cell / Echinocyte?
* Seen in * Pyruvate Kinase deficiency * Liver disease * Post splenectomy
44
What is Cabot's Ring body?
* Seen in * Vitamin B12 Deficiency * lead poisoning
45
What is a Dohle Body?
* PMN Leukocytosis * (caused by infections, steroids, tumor)
46
What is a Drepanocyte?
* Seen in Sickle cell Anemia * ("Drepanocyte" another word for Sickle cell)
47
What is a Heinz body?
* Seen when Hb precipitates and sticks to cell membranes in G6PD deficiency
48
What is a Howell - Jolly Body?
* The spleen or bone marrow should have removed nuclei fragments. * Seen in * Hemolytic Anemia * spleen trauma * and CA
49
What is a Pappenheimer body?
Iron inside cell (sideroblastic anemia)
50
What are Pencil Cell / Cigar Cell?
Seen in iron deficiency anemia
51
What is Rouleaux formation?
Seen in Multiple Myeloma (Stacked coin look)
52
What is a Schistocyte?
* Broken RBC * seen in * DIC * artificial heart vlaves * and others
53
What is a Sideroblast?
* Macrophages pregnant with Iron * (caused by genetics and or multiple transfusions)
54
What is a Spherocyte?
Old RBC
55
What are Spur Cells / Acanthocytes?
Lipid bilayer disease
56
What is a Stomatocyte?
Seen in liver disease
57
What is a Target Cell / Codocyte?
These have less Hb (seen in Thalassemias or iron deficiency)
58
What is a Tear Drop Cell / Dacrocyte?
* RBC's squeezed out of bone marrow. * Seen in * Hemolytic Anemia * and bone marrow CA
59
What is the Clotting Cascade?
The cascade that stops you when you bleed
60
What do Platelet problems cause?
Bleeding from skin and mucosa
61
What do Clotting problems cause?
Bleeding into cavities
62
What causes increased PTT and Bleeding Time?
Von Willebrand disease and SLE
63
What is Bernard-Soulier?
* Baby with bleeding from skin and mucosa * **Big platelets** and **LOW GP-_1b_**
64
What is Glanzmann's?
* Baby with bleeding from skin and mucosa * LOW **GP-_2b3a_**
65
How does Factor 13 Deficiency present?
* Umbilical stump bleeding * (this is the first time a baby has to stabalize a clot)
66
What is a Factor V - Leiden?
Protein C cannot break down Factor V
67
How does Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) present?
Heavy menstrual bleeding
68
What are the types of VWD?
* Type 1 (AD): Decreased VW Factor _Production_ * Type 2 (AD): Decreased VW _Activity_ * (+ Ristocetin Aggregation test) * Type 3 (AR): _No_ VWF
69
What is Hemophilia A?
* Defective Factor **VIII** (\<40% Activity) * Bleed into **cavities** (head, abd, etc)
70
What is Hemophilia B?
* Factor **IX** deficiency * Bleed into **joints** (knee, etc)
71
What is Polycythemia Vera?
* Hematocrit (Hct) \>60% * Decreased EPO * Budd-Chiari * Pruritis after bathing
72
What is Essential Thrombocythemia?
* Very high platelets * increased RBC's and WBC's
73
What is Histiocytosis X?
* Histiocyte proliferation * Kid with Eczema, skill lesions * Hand-Schuller-Christian disease
74
What does the Coombs Test Tell you?
Antibody involved
75
What does the Direct Coombs Test tell you?
Antibody on surface (seen in hemolytic anemia)
76
What does Indirect Coombs Test tell you?
The Antibody is freely circulating in the serum
77
What is Type and Cross?
Blood that is matched by blood type and cross-reacted with the patient's blood for rejection
78
What is Type and Match?
Blood type and Wait
79
What is Forward Typing?
Uses Antibodies to detect Antigens
80
What is Backward Typing?
Used Antigens to detect Antibodies
81
What does blood type A tell you?
They have the A antigen and B antibodies
82
What does blood type O tell you?
They have no antigens (Universal donor)
83
What does blood type AB tell you?
Have both Antigens (universal recipient)
84
What does Rh+ tell you?
Has D Antigen
85
What does Rh- tell you?
Does not have the D Antigen
86
What is Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn?
* **_Rh(-) mom's_** blood mixes the **_Rh(+) fetal_** blood in first pregnancy * no risk to this child * All pregnancies to follow will be a risk, leading to a fetal demise
87
What is RhoGam?
Anti-D IgG
88
When do you give RhoGam?
* 1st Dose: Week 28 gestation * 2nd Dose: 72 hours post-delivery * Any time a procedure would mix mom and fetal blood
89
What is INR ratio determined by? (International normalized ratio)
* Measured PT / Control PT * (ratio of the patient's prothrombin time and the normal mean prothrombin time) * therapeutic level is between 2-3 * Normal level is 1

Wolfpacc Clues COPY (16 decks)

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