Vitamins, Mineral & General Principal Flashcards Preview

Wolfpacc Clues COPY > Vitamins, Mineral & General Principal > Flashcards

Flashcards in Vitamins, Mineral & General Principal Deck (51)
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1
Q

What electrolytes does the low volume state have?

A

Increased total Na+ (NET) Decreased serum Na (dilution effect) Decreased serum K+ Increased serum pH

2
Q

What serum pH does the low volume state have?

A

Alkalotic (due to H+/K+ exchanger)

3
Q

What serum pH does emesis have?

A

Alkalotic because you vomit out HCl-

4
Q

What serum pH does diarrhea have?

A

Acidosis because stool has bicarb

5
Q

What is a possible cause if pulse rises more than 10 bpm in repositioning from lying to sitting?

A

Hypervolemia

6
Q

What happened if your pulse drops more than 10 bpm on standing?

A

Autonomic dysfunction

7
Q

What are the symptoms of a Low Energy State?

A

CNS: Mental retardation, dementia CV: heart failure, pericardial effusion Muscle: weakness, SOB, vasodilation, impotence, urinary retention, constipation

8
Q

What are the Rapidly Dividing Cells of the Energy State?

A

Skin: dry Nails: Brittle Hair: Alopecia Low Bone Marrow: Suppressed Vasculature: Endothelium breaks down Lungs: Infection / SOB Kidney: PCT effecfted first GI: N/V/D Bladder: Decreased tone Sperm: Decreased Germ Cells: Predisposed to cancer Breasts: Atrophic Endometrium: Amenorrhea

9
Q

What are the most common signs of the Low Energy State?

A

Tachypnea and Dyspnea

10
Q

What are the most common symptoms of the Low Energy State?

A

Weakness and SOB

11
Q

What are the most common infections of the Low Energy State?

A

UTI and respiratory infections

12
Q

What is the most common cause of death in the Low Energy State?

A

Heart Failure

13
Q

Explain Restrictive Lung Disease:

A
  • Restrictive:
    • Interstitial problem that causes trouble breathing in (small stiff lungs)
    • Most common cause of death is Cor-pulmonale
  • Pulmonary Function Test’s:
    • FEV1/FVC greater than 0.8
    • decrease vital capacity
  • ABG:
    • decreased pH
    • decreased PO2
    • decreased PcO2 (increased respiratory rate)
  • Chest X-Ray:
    • reticulonodular pattern
    • ground glass appearance
  • Treatment:
    • PEEP ventilator
    • increased O2
    • increased respiratory time
14
Q

Explain Obstructive Lung Disease:

A
  • Obstructive:
    • Airway structure problem that causes trouble breathing out (mucus filled lungs)
    • Most common cause of Death is Bronchiectasis
  • PFT’s:
    • FEV/FVC is less than 0.8
    • increased RV
    • Reid index increased (thick airway)
  • ABD:
    • decreased pH
    • normal to low PO2
    • increased PCO2
  • Treatment:
    • ventilator to increase respiratory rate and expiratory time
    • increase oxygen only if needed
15
Q

What symptoms does a “more likely to depolarize” state have?

A
  • Brain:
    • Psychosis, seizures, jitteriness
  • Skeletal Muscle:
    • muscle spasms, tetany
  • Smooth Muscle:
    • diarrhea, then constipation
  • Cardiac:
    • tachycardia, arrhythmia
16
Q

What symptoms does a “less likely to depolarize” state have?

A
  • Brain:
    • lethargic, mental status changes, depression
  • Skeletal Muscle:
    • weakness, SOB
  • Smooth Muscle:
    • constipation then diarrhea
  • Cardiac:
    • hypotension, bradycardia
17
Q

What is the humoral immune response?

A

B-cells and PMN’s patrol the blood looking for bacteria

18
Q

What is the cell-mediated immune response?

A

T-cells and Macrophages patrol the tissues looking for non-bacteria

19
Q

What are the Macrophages called in areas of the body?

A
  • Blood: Monocytes
  • Brain: Microglia
  • Lung: Type 1 Pneumocytes
  • Liver: Kupffer cells
  • Spleen: RES cells
  • Lymph: Dendritic cells
  • Kidney: Mesangial cells
  • Peyer’s Patch: M cells
  • Skin: Langerhan cells
  • Bone: Osteoclast cells
  • Connective Tissue: Histiocytes, Giant cells, Epithelioid cells
20
Q

What is the CBC for every basculitis?

A
  • Decreased: RBC and platelets
  • Increased: WBC, T-Cells, Monocytes, Schistocytes, ESR
21
Q

What is the time course of the inflammatory response?

A
  • 1 hour: swelling
  • Day 1: PMN’s show up
  • Day 3: PMN’s peak
  • Day 4: Monocytes/Macrophages and T-cells show up
  • Day 7: Monocytes/ Macrophages and T-cells peak, Fibroblasts arrive
  • Day 30: Fibroblasts peak
  • Month 3-6: Fibroblasts complete scar formation
22
Q

What state does Estrogen mimic?

A

The Neuromuscular disease state Estrogen is a muscle relaxant

23
Q

What do high GABA levels lead to?

A

Bradycardia, lethargy, constipation, impotence, memory loss

24
Q

What determines the prognosis of Cancer?

A

Depth of invasion, any choice that has to do with depth - the deeper it is= the worse the prognosis

25
Q

What ion has the least movement at rest?

A

Chloride

26
Q

What ion has the greatest movement at rest?

A

Potassium

27
Q

How would you know the patient has a Vitamin A (retinoic Acid) Deficiency?

A

Poor night vision, Hypoparathyroidism, dry skin

28
Q

How would you know the patient has a Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Deficiency?

A

Beriberi, Wernicke’s Encephalopathy, Wenicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

29
Q

How do i know the patient has a Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Deficiency?

A

Angular Cheilosis

30
Q

How do I know the patient has a Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Deficiency?

A

Pellagra (4 D’s: Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death)

31
Q

How do I know the patient has a Vitamin B4 (Lipoic Acid) Deficiency?

A

No deficiency state

32
Q

How do I know the patient has a Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) Deficiency?

A

No deficiency state

33
Q

How do I know the patient has a Vitamin B6 (Pyridozine) Deficiency?

A

Peripheral Neuropathy

34
Q

How do I know the patient has a Vitamin B9 (Folate) Deficiency?

A

Megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented neutrophils, neural tube defects

35
Q

How do I know the patient has a Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) Deficiency?

A

Megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented neutrophils, Neuropathy

36
Q

How do I know the patient has a Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Deficiency?

A

Scurvy

37
Q

How do I know the patient has a Vitamin D Deficiency?

A

Rickets (children), Osteomalacia (adults)

38
Q

How do I know the patient has a Vitamin E Deficiency?

A

Increased free radical damage, hemolytic anemia, ataxia gait, impaired position and vibration sense

39
Q

What happens when there is a biotin Deficiency?

A

Loss of carboxylase function

40
Q

How do I know the patienthas a Vitamin K Deficiency?

A

Bleeding, Loss of gamma-carboxylation

41
Q

What is seen in Calcium deficiency?

A

Poor bone and teeth development

42
Q

What is seen in Magnesium deficiency?

A

Loss of kinase function, hypoparathyroidism

43
Q

What is seen in Zinc deficiency?

A

Dysgeusia, anosmia, Poor wound healing

44
Q

What is seen in Copper deficiency?

A

Menky Kinky Hair Syndrome

45
Q

What is seen in iron deficiency?

A

Anemia

46
Q

What disease has a chromium deficiency?

A

Diabetes

47
Q

What disease has a Selenium deficiency?

A

Dialted cardiomyopathy

48
Q

What is seen with Tin deficiency?

A

Poor hair growth

49
Q

What is seen why Molybdenum deficiency?

A

Lose xanthine oxidase function

50
Q

What is seen with Manganese deficiency?

A

Lose xanthine oxidase function

51
Q

What is seen with Fluoride deficiency?

A

Poor teeth and bone growth