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PHYSIOLOGY > Hematology Physiology > Flashcards

Hematology Physiology Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What is the fluid medium of the blood and is also the noncellular part?

A

Plasma
55% of blood whole blood
44% Erythrocytes

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2
Q

What cellular components are found in <1% of the whole blood?

A

Platelets and Lymphocytes (Buffy Coat)

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3
Q

What organ is responsible for blood cell formation at age 20 and above?

A

Bone marrow of CENTRALLY-LOCATED bones
1st Trimester: Yolk Sac / Aortic Gonad Mesonephros
2nd and 3rd Trimester: Liver
After birth to puberty: Bone Marrow of all Bones

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4
Q

What RBC component causes its biconcave shape?

A

Spectrin

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5
Q

What refers to the plasma minus clotting proteins with higher serotonin content?

A

Serum

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6
Q

What is the major contributor to the oncotic pressure of the plasma?

A

Albumin

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7
Q

This refers to the percentage of cells in the whole blood:

A

Hematocrit

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8
Q

What is the normal hematocrit value among males and females?

A

Males: 46 (40-54)
Females: 42 (37-47)

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9
Q

At what RBC stage does the synthesis of hemoglobin start?

A

Proerythroblast

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10
Q

At what RBC stage does the hemoglobin appear?

A

Polychromatic erythroblast

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11
Q

What is the component of Hemoglobin F?

A

α2 - γ 2

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12
Q

What type of hemoglobin binds more with 2,3-BPG?

A

Hemoglobin A (α2 - β2)
HbF: binds less

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13
Q

This refers to the ability of the human body to resist almost all types of organisms/toxins that tend to damage the tissues and organ:

A

Immunity

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14
Q

What branch of the immune system is present at birth, and does not change over time?

A

Innate Immunity

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15
Q

What branch of the immune system is triggered by structures shared by a group of microbes?

A

Innate Immunity

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16
Q

What branch of the immune system improves after each repeated exposure?

A

Adaptive Immunity

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17
Q

What branch of the immune system uses lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells as cellular components?

A

Adaptive Immunity

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18
Q

What branch of the immune system uses complements as blood proteins?

A

Innate Immunity

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19
Q

Where do the T-lymphocytes originate and mature?

A

Origin: Bone Marrow
Mature: Thymus

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20
Q

The humoral immunity offers protection against what type of microbes?

A

Extracellular Microbes
Toxin induced diseases
Infections (virulence-related to
polysaccharide capsule)

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21
Q

Where in the lymph nodes are the humoral and cell-mediated immunity located?

A

Humoral: Superficial Cortex
Cell-Mediated: Paracortical Areas

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22
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is associated with cell-mediated immunity?

A

Type IV
Types I, II, and III are Humoral

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23
Q

What are the three cells required for antibody synthesis?

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Macrophage

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24
Q

What cells utilize oxidants or ROS to kill bacteria during acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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25
What cells are highly phagocytic for antigen-antibody (immune) complexes?
Eosinophils
26
What are some of the secretions from basophils?
Histamine, heparin, bradykinin, serotonin
27
What cell is known for its “frosted-glass” or ground-glass cytoplasm?
Monocytes
28
What cells are known as the largest WBC?
Monocytes
29
What is the lifespan of the platelets?
7-10 days
30
What immune cells act as the 1st line of defense and are present within minutes?
Tissue Macrophages 2nd line: Neutrophils
31
What are the 4 mediators of the 4th line of immune defense?
TNF, IL-1, GM-CSF, M-CSF 4th line: ↑ Monocytes & Granulocyte production by Bone marrow
32
Which part of the antibodies determine specificity to antigen?
Variable Portion
33
Which region of the immunoglobulins is the antigen-binding site found?
FAB region
34
Which region of the immunoglobulins is the site of complement and macrophage binding?
FC region
35
Which immunoglobulin is tetrameric in structure?
IgG Contains two identical gamma heavy chains and two identical light chains
36
The most abundant Ig in the serum?
IgG
37
The most produced antibody overall?
IgA
38
The smallest Ig?
IgG
39
The Ig for primary immune response?
IgM
40
The Ig associated with Type I hypersensitivity?
IgE
41
The Ig available as a monomer and dimer?
IgA
42
This refers to the process that makes it easier to phagocytize foreign bodies:
Opsonization
43
Complement pathway triggered by immune complexes:
Classic Pathway Mannose-binding lectin pathway: triggered by lectin binding with mannose groups in bacteria Alternative/properdin pathway: triggered by contact with various viruses, bacteria, fungi, and tumor cells
44
Complement proteins that induce inflammation and are anaphylatoxins:
C3a, C4a, C5a
45
Complement protein that causes WBC chemotaxis:
C5a
46
What are these hormone-like molecules that act on nearby cells (paracrine) to regulate immune responses?
Cytokines
47
What are the cytokines secreted by TH-1?
IL2 Interferon-γ
48
What are the cytokines secreted by TH-2?
IL4 IL5
49
What interleukin is also called multi-CSF and promotes proliferation of all types of blood cell?
IL3
50
What cytokine is responsible for the chemotaxis of neutrophils, basophils, and T cells?
IL-8
51
What cytokine is responsible for the differentiation of eosinophils?
IL-5
52
What cytokine is responsible for the IgE class switching?
IL-4
53
What cytokine enhances the killing of phagocytosed bacteria in chronic granulomatous disease?
Interferon-γ
54
What cytokine is used to reduce the frequency and severity of relapses in multiple sclerosis?
Interferon-β
55
What immune cell is associated with the MHC-I?
CD8 – cytotoxic T cells MHC-II: CD4, Helper T cells
56
What is the first step in hemostasis?
Vascular Constriction
57
In the formation of a loose platelet plug, what mediates platelet adhesion?
vWF and Gp1b mediated by vWF of ruptured blood vessel walls and Gp1b of platelets
58
In the primary hemostasis, what mediates platelet aggregation?
Gp2b-3a and fibrinogen mediated by fibrinogen and Gp2b-3a of platelets (also by PAF)
59
What is the end goal of the secondary hemostasis?
Blood Coagulation
60
What are the clotting factors inhibited by Antithrombin III?
Factors IX, X, XI and XII
61
What are the clotting factors involved in the extrinsic pathway?
VI and III Common pathway: XIII, X, V, II, I
62
What are the clotting factors involved in the intrinsic pathway?
XII, XI, IX, VIII Common pathway: XIII, X, V, II, I
63
What anticlotting substance is expressed in all endothelial cells except in the cerebral microcirculation?
Thrombomodulin
64
What anticlotting substance lyses fibrin?
Plasmin
65
During wound healing, when is the maximum tensile strength gained?
12 weeks gain 20% of ultimate strength in 3 weeks, maximum tensile strength in 12 weeks but never 70% of the strength of normal skin
66
What is the major inducer of the acute phase reactants?
IL-6
67
What are the 5 known negative acute phase reactants?
Albumin Transferrin Transthyretin Retinol-Binding Protein Adiponectin
68
What ARP is used as the biomarker for ongoing inflammation
C-reactive protein
69
What ARP plays a key role in the anemia of chronic disease?
Hepcidin ↓ iron intestinal absorption (degrades ferroportin) and ↓ iron release (from macrophages)
70
What are the factors involved in muscle performance?
Muscle strength, power, and endurance
71
What is the greatest determinant of muscle strength?
Muscle Size
72
What is the source of most energy used for long-term muscle contraction?
Oxidative metabolism
73
In an unacclimatized person, at what feet/level does a seizure occur?
18,000 feet 12,000 feet – Acute effects felt 23,000 feet - death
74
What is the maximum safe depth during diving?
200 feet below sea level
75
What causes decompression sickness?
Nitrogen bubble formation During rapid ascent

PHYSIOLOGY (9 decks)

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