Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGY > Renal and Acid-Base Physiology > Flashcards

Renal and Acid-Base Physiology Flashcards

(111 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What happens to the ECF volume in burn patients?

A

Decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens to the ECF osmolarity in patients with SIADH?

A

Decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

During increased sweating, what happens to the ECF volume and ECF osmolarity, respectively?

A

Decreases; Increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the formula for estimating plasma osmolarity?

A

2 x Na + Gluc/18 + BUN/2.8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of nephron has shorter loops of Henle and peritubular capillaries?

A

Cortical Nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What cell secretes erythropoietin?

A

Interstitial cells in the peritubular capillary bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the effect of PGE2 and
PGI2 on the RBF and GFR?

A

Increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What substance, at low doses,
causes dilation of arteries but
causes constriction at higher
doses?

A

Dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 charge and
filtration barriers of the glomerulus?

A

Capillary ENDOTHELIUM
Basement Membrane
Podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are these modified smooth muscles capable of phagocytosis and keep the basement membrane free of debris?

A

INTRAglomerular Mesangial Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is another name for the
EXTRAglomerular Mesangial cells?

A

Lacis Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are the JG cells found?

A

Walls of afferent arterioles
Function: secrete renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What cell monitors Na+ concentration in the lumen of
distal tubule?

A

Macula Densa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The descending and ascending limb of the Loop of Henle is permeable only to which substances, respectively:

A

Descending: Permeable to water
Ascending: Permeable to solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is the Na-K-2Cl symport found?

A

Thick Ascending Limb of LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of the principal cells in the late distal tubule?

A

Reabsorb Na+; Secrete K+
Intercalated Cell: Reabsorb K+; Secrete H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the site of action of
Aldosterone?

A

Distal Tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the site of action of ADH?

A

Collecting Duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

This refers to when graded osmolarity in the renal medulla is CREATED:

A

Countercurrent Multiplier
With Loop of Henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

This refers to when graded osmolarity in the renal medulla is PRESERVED:

A

Countercurrent Exchanger
With Vasa Recta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the formula for Filtered Load?

A

GFR x plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the formula for the Reabsorption Rate?

A

Filtered Load – Excretion Rate

Excretion R = V x urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the renal threshold of
glucose?

A

plasma glucose 200mg/dL

Substances start to appear in the urine
Some nephrons exhibit saturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the renal transport
maximum of glucose?

A

plasma glucose >375mg/dL

All excess substances appear in the urine
All nephrons exhibit saturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
This refers to the volume of plasma cleared of a substance per unit of time:
Clearance UV / P
26
Which substance has the highest clearance?
PAH Reason: Filtered and Secreted, not reabsorbed
27
What substance is used to estimate renal blood flow and renal plasma flow?
PAH Reason: Filtered and Secreted, not reabsorbed
28
What is the formula of the renal blood flow?
RBF = RPF / 1-Hct
29
What is the normal value of GFR?
125mL/min or 180L/day Determined by Starling Forces at the level of the glomerular capillary (glomerulus)
30
Which starling force is increased by vasodilation of afferent arteriole or moderate vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole?
Glomerular Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
31
Which starling force is increased by ureteral obstruction?
Bowman Space Hydrostatic Pressure
32
What is the normal value of the BS oncotic pressure?
0 – no protein is normally filtered
33
What is the formula for the Filtration Fraction
GFR / RPF
34
What happens to the GFR, RPF, and FF during efferent arteriole constriction?
Increase – decrease – increase
35
What is the effect of prostaglandins on the afferent arterioles?
DILATES afferent arterioles PDA – Prostaglandin Dilates Afferent ACE – Angiotensin II Constricts Efferent
36
What are the substances released if the BP is LOW?
Angiotensin II Vasoconstricts the efferent arteriole Nitric Oxide Vasodilates the afferent arteriole
37
What is the function of adenosine in tubuloglomerular feedback?
Adenosine vasoconstricts afferent arteriole to decrease GFR back to normal
38
What are the 4 common factors that cause K+ influx (Hypokalemia)?
Insulin Beta-adrenergic agonists Alkalosis Hypoosmolarity
39
What is known as the breakdown product of protein catabolism?
Urea Synonym: Carbamide
40
Where in the tubules is urea impermeable?
DT, Cortical Collecting Ducts and Outer Medullary Collecting Ducts
41
What substance increases urea recycling and the development of osmotic gradient?
ADH In the inner medullary collecting ducts ↑ ADH secretion → ↑ Water AND Urea reabsorption → Low Urine Flow Rate
42
What is the effect of Thiazides and Loop Diuretics on Ca++ reabsorption, respectively?
Increases; Decreases
43
Where in the tubular system is 66% of filtered water reabsorbed?
PCT
44
Where in the tubular system is 66% of filtered Na+ and K+ reabsorbed?
PCT
45
Where is the majority of phosphate reabsorbed?
PCT reabsorbs 85% of filtered Phosphate via Na-PO4 cotransport; other parts to do not reabsorb PO4 The remaining 15% is excreted in the urine
46
Where is the majority of magnesium reabsorbed?
65% TAL of LH 25% PCT
47
What is the immediate effect of water deprivation on plasma osmolarity?
Increases
48
What is the effect of water intake on urine osmolarity?
Decreases
49
What is the Free Water Clearance if ADH is present?
Negative If (-) ADH: Free Water excreted and CH2O is positive If (+) ADH: Free Water is NOT excreted (water is reabsorbed) and CH20 is negative
50
What are the three renal regulations of acid-base balance?
Secretion of excess Reabsorption of filtered HCO3- if warranted Production of New HCO3- if warranted
51
What pH is compatible with life?
pH = 6.8-8.0
52
What happens to calcium and potassium when hydrogen increases?
Hypercalcemia Hyperkalemia
53
What is the compensation of metabolic acidosis?
Hyperventilation
54
What is the compensation of respiratory alkalosis?
Decrease H+ excretion Decrease HCO3-reabsorption
55
Why is chloride high in NAGMA (normal-anion gap metabolic acidosis)?
to maintain electroneutrality Also called Hyperchloremic Metabolic Acidosis with Normal Anion Gap
56
How do we compute for the Anion Gap?
(Na+) – [(HCO3-) + (Cl-)] Anion Gap (AG) used to help diagnose cause of metabolic acidosis Normal: 8-16 mEq
57
What are the causes of NAGMA?
HARD-UP: NAGMA Hyperalimentation Acetazolamide RTA, Diarrhea Ureteroenteric fistula Pancreaticoduodenal Fistula
58
What are the causes of HAGMA (high-anion gap metabolic acidosis)?
MUDPILES: HAGMA Methanol Uremia DKA Paraldehyde Propylene Glycol Iron Isoniazid Idiopathic Acidosis Lactic Acidosis (in Sepsis, Shock), Ethylene Glycol Ethanol Salicylic Acid
59
What is the expected acid-base balance of a patient with profuse vomiting?
Hypochloremic Metabolic Alkalosis Loss of gastric HCL
60
What is the expected acid-base balance of a patient having diarrhea?
Metabolic Acidosis Loss of HCO3-
61
In which acid-base disorder is hyperventilation used as a compensatory mechanism?
Metabolic Acidosis
62
Body Fluid Markers
TBW: Titrated water, D20, antipyrine ECF: Sulfate, inulin, mannitol Plasma: Radioactive Iodinated Serum Albumin (RISA), Evans Blue Indirect measurements: ICF: TBW - ECF Interstitial: ECF - Plasma
63
ISOOSMOTIC VOLUME EXPANSION Examples ECF volume ICF volume ECF osmolarity ICF osmolarity
ISOOSMOTIC VOLUME EXPANSION Example(s): Infusion of Isotonic NaCl (0.9%) ECF volume: increased ICF volume: no change ECF osmolarity: no change ICF osmolarity: no change
64
ISOOSMOTIC VOLUME CONTRACTION Examples ECF volume ICF volume ECF osmolarity ICF osmolarity
ISOOSMOTIC VOLUME CONTRACTION Examples: Diarrhea, burns ECF volume: Decreased ICF volume: no change ECF osmolarity: no change ICF osmolarity: no change *bya nagtatae lang ng isotonic NaCl
65
HYPEROSMOTIC VOLUME EXPANSION Examples: ECF volume: ICF volume: ECF osmolarity: ICF osmolarity: Increased
HYPEROSMOTIC VOLUME EXPANSION Examples: Ingestion of sea water ECF volume: Increased ICF volume: Decreased ECF osmolarity: Increased ICF osmolarity: Increased
66
HYPEROSMOTIC VOLUME CONTRACTION Examples: ECF volume: ICF volume: ECF osmolarity: ICF osmolarity:
HYPEROSMOTIC VOLUME CONTRACTION Examples: Sweating, diabetes insipidus, fever ECF volume: Decreased ICF volume: Decreased ECF osmolarity: Increased ICF osmolarity: Increased
67
HYPOOSMOTIC VOLUME EXPANSION Examples: ECF volume: ICF volume: ECF osmolarity: ICF osmolarity:
HYPOOSMOTIC VOLUME EXPANSION Examples: SIADH ECF volume: Increased ICF volume: Increased ECF osmolarity: Decreased ICF osmolarity: Decreased
68
HYPOOSMOTIC VOLUME CONTRACTION Examples: ECF volume: ICF volume: ECF osmolarity: ICF osmolarity:
HYPOOSMOTIC VOLUME CONTRACTION Examples: Adrenal insufficiency ECF volume: Decreased ICF volume: Increased ECF osmolarity: Decreased ICF osmolarity: Decreased
69
Where is EPO produced?
In the INTERSTITIAL CELLS of the PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES
70
What is the main charge barrier of the Glomerulus?
Basal lamina/Basement membrane (Negatively charged to repel proteins like albumin)
71
What does the capillary endothelium secrete?
NO Endothelin-1
72
Diluting segment of loop pf henle
TAL of LH
73
Parts of nephron termed as countercurrent multiplier and countercurrent exchanger
TAL of LH; Vasa recta
74
SGLT-2 is found in?
Early PCT
75
Relative clearances of substances
PAHK! CIUNGA PAH > K > Creatinine > Inulin > Urea > Na > Glucose, Amino acids, HCO3, and Cl
76
Weak Acids 1.___________ - lipid soluble form 2.___________ - water soluble form In acidic urine, the 3.__________ predominates, 4. causing __________ back diffusion, 5.______________ the excretion of weak acids In alkalinic urine, the 6.__________ predominates, causing 7.__________ back diffusion, 8..______________ the excretion of weak acids
1. HA form 2. A form 3. HA form 4. More (back diffusion) 5. Decreasing (excretion of weak acids) 6. A form 7. Less (back diffusion) 8. Increasing (excretion of weak acids)
77
Weak Bases 1.___________ - lipid soluble form 2.___________ - water soluble form In acidic urine, the 3.__________ predominates, 4. causing __________ back diffusion, 5.______________ the excretion of weak bases In alkalinic urine, the 6.__________ predominates, causing 7.__________ back diffusion, 8..______________ the excretion of weak bases
1. B form 2. BH form 3. BH form 4. Less (back diffusion) 5. Increasing (excretion of weak bases) 6. B form 7. More (back diffusion) 8. Decreasing (excretion of weak bases)
78
Vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles Modified Starling force: Effect on GFR: Effect on RPF: Effect on FF:
Vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles Modified Starling force: dec. GCH Effect on GFR: Decreased Effect on RPF: Decreased Effect on FF: No change (dec GFR/dec RPF)
79
Vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles Modified Starling force: Effect on GFR: Effect on RPF: Effect on FF:
Vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles Modified Starling force: inc GCH Effect on GFR: Increased Effect on RPF: Decreased Effect on FF: Increased (inc GFR/dec RPF)
80
Increased Plasma protein Modified Starling force: Effect on GFR: Effect on RPF: Effect on FF:
Increased Plasma protein Modified Starling force: inc GCO Effect on GFR: Decreased Effect on RPF: No change Effect on FF: Decreased (dec GFR)
81
Ureteral obstruction Modified Starling force: Effect on GFR: Effect on RPF: Effect on FF:
Ureteral obstruction Modified Starling force: inc BSH Effect on GFR: Decreased Effect on RPF: No change Effect on FF: Decreased
82
Autoregulation of Renal blood flow is to maintain GFR. At what BP that this occur?
BP = 80-200 mmHg
83
Increased secretion of _______________ are mediated by macula densa when there is decreased BP
Angiotension II - VASOCONTRICT EFFERENT arteriole NO - VASODILATE AFFERENT arteriole
84
Increased secretion of _______________ is mediated by macula densa when there is increased BP
Adenosine - VASOCONSTRICTS afferent arteriole *adenosine is generally a vasodilator. Only in kidneys is it a vasoconstrictor
85
Used to estimate RBF and RPF
PAH *filtered, secreted, BUT NOT REABSORBED
86
Used to measure GFR
Inulin, creatinine *Filtered, NOT SECRETED, NOT REABSORBED
87
Causes of Hyperkalemia (K efflux)
Insulin deficiency Beta-adrenergic antagonists Acidosis Hyperosmolarity Inhibitors of Na-K-ATPase pump Exercise Cell lysis
88
Causes of Hypokalemia (K influx)
Insulin Beta-adrenergic agonist Alkalosis Hypoosmolarity
89
Causes of INCREASED Distal Tubule Secretion of K
HHALLT High K intake Hyperaldosteronism Alkalosis Loop diuretics Luminal ions Thiazide diuretics
90
Causes of DECREASED Distal Tubule Secretion of K
KHAL K-sparing diuretics Hypoaldosteronism Acidosis Low K diet
91
Adverse effect of Spironolactone
Hyperkalemia Gynecomastia
92
Increases the maximum osmolarity of renal interstitium
Urea
93
Increases maximum urine osmolarity
Urea
94
____________reabsorbs_____% of filtered urea via _______________ ____________secretes urea via ____________ ______________,_______________,_____________ are ______________ to urea
PCT; 50%; simple diffusion Thin descending limb of LH; simple diffusion DCT, cortical collecting duct, and medullary collecting duct; impermeable 
95
PCT and LH reabsorb _______% of filtered Ca, while DT and CD reabsorb ______% of filtered Ca
90%; 8%
96
Binds with calcium in intestines, stimulated by Vit D
Calbindin
97
_______% of plasma Ca is filtered
60%
98
These increase Ca reabsorption
PTH Thiazide diuretics
99
This decreases Ca reabsorption
Loop diuretics
100
PCT reabsorbs _____% of filtered phosphate and the remaining _____% is ______________
85%; 15%; excreted in the urine (acts as urinary buffer for excess acids H+)
101
Inhibits reabsorption of phosphate through adenylate cyclase and cAMP inhibition of Na-PO4 cotransport
PTH
102
In the TAL of LH, what 2 electrolytes compete with each other for reabsorption? Such as the increase of one will decrease the other?
Ca and Mg
103
CONDITIONS INVOLVING ADH Primary Polydipsia Serum ADH: Serum Osm: Urine Osm: Urine flow rate/Urine volume: CH2O:
Primary Polydipsia Serum ADH: ↓ Serum Osm: ↓ Urine Osm: ↓ (hypoosmotic) Urine flow rate/Urine volume: ↑ CH2O: (+)
104
CONDITIONS INVOLVING ADH Central DI Serum ADH: Serum Osm: Urine Osm: Urine flow rate/Urine volume: CH2O:
Central DI Serum ADH: ↓ Serum Osm: ↑ Urine Osm: ↓ (hypoosmotic) Urine flow rate/Urine volume: ↑ CH2O: (+)
105
CONDITIONS INVOLVING ADH Peripheral DI Serum ADH: Serum Osm: Urine Osm: Urine flow rate/Urine volume: CH2O:
Peripheral DI Serum ADH: ↑ Serum Osm: ↑ Urine Osm: ↓ (hypoosmotic) Urine flow rate/Urine volume: ↑ CH2O: (+)
106
CONDITIONS INVOLVING ADH Water deprivation Serum ADH: Serum Osm: Urine Osm: Urine flow rate/Urine volume: CH2O:
Water deprivation Serum ADH: ↑ Serum Osm: ↑ to NORMAL Urine Osm: ↑ (hyperosmotic) Urine flow rate/Urine volume: ↓ CH2O: (-)
107
CONDITIONS INVOLVING ADH SIADH Serum ADH: Serum Osm: Urine Osm: Urine flow rate/Urine volume: CH2O:
SIADH Serum ADH: ↑↑↑ Serum Osm: ↓ Urine Osm: ↑ (hyperosmotic) Urine flow rate/Urine volume: ↓ CH2O: (-)
108
ACID-BASE ABNORMALITIES Respiratory Acidosis pH: H: PCO2: HCO3: Compensation:
Respiratory Acidosis pH: ↓ H: ↑ PCO2: ↑↑ HCO3: ↑ Compensation: ↑H+ secretion, ↑ HCO3 reabsorption
109
ACID-BASE ABNORMALITIES Respiratory Alkalosis pH: H: PCO2: HCO3: Compensation:
Respiratory Alkalosis pH: ↑ H: ↓ PCO2: ↓↓ HCO3: ↓ Compensation: ↓ H+ secretion, ↓ HCO3 reabsorption
110
ACID-BASE ABNORMALITIES Metabolic Acidosis pH: H: PCO2: HCO3: Compensation:
Metabolic Acidosis pH: ↓ H: ↑ PCO2: ↓ HCO3: ↓↓ Compensation: Hyperventilation
111
ACID-BASE ABNORMALITIES Metabolic Alkalosis pH: H: PCO2: HCO3: Compensation:
Metabolic Alkalosis pH: ↑ H: ↓ PCO2: ↑ HCO3: ↑↑ Compensation: Hypoventilation

PHYSIOLOGY (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions