Neurophysiology Flashcards by Aisha Nain

For secretions in enteric NS:
Submucosal vs. Myenteric

Submucosal/Meissner

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For motility in enteric NS:
Submucosal vs. Myenteric

Myenteric/Auerbach

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Location of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous systems

Sympathetic:
• Preganglionic: thoracolumbar
• Postganglionic: prevertebral/paravertebral ganglia

Parasympathetic
• Preganglionic: craniosacral
• Postganglionic: walls of effector organs

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What are the adrenoreceptors (sympa) and cholinoreceptors (para and sympa) that utilize Inositol Triphosphate as 2nd messengers?

Alpha-1 receptor
Muscarinic-1 receptor
Muscarinic-3 receptor

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Adrenoreceptors that cause smooth muscle contraction (e.g., vasoconstriction of arteries to inc. BP)

Alpha-1 receptors (Gq)

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Adrenoreceptors that are located in the sympathetic postganglionic presynaptic nerve terminals. When stimulated, they inhibit NE release from presynaptic nerve terminals —> promote PARA effects

Alpha-2 receptors (Gi)

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Adrenoreceptor for heart and kidney (pusong bato)
Inc. HR, conduction velocity, and SV

Beta-2 receptors (Gs)

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Adrenoreceptor that causes smooth muscle relaxation (e.g., bronchodilation)

Beta-2 receptors (Gs)

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Adrenoreceptor that causes lipolysis of brown adipose tissue for generation of heat (for babies)

Beta-3 receptors (Gs)

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Cholinoreceptors which bind with ACh to open Na-K channels (in MEP of skeletal muscles and autonomic ganglia)

Nicotinic receptors

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Location of M1 receptors

Brain

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Location of M2 receptors

Heart

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Location of M3 receptors

Glands
Smooth muscles

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An autonomic receptor blocked by hexamethonium (ganglionic non-depolarizing blocker) at the ganglia but not at NMJ

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors

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This receptor mediates secretion of Epinephrine by adrenal medulla

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors

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A drug given for pheochromocytoma that serves as an alpha-1 (and some alpha-2) antagonist. Thus, it decreases IP3/Ca

Phenoxybenzamine
Phentolamine
Propanolol (BB)

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Characteristics of the 2-motor neuron system of PARASYMPATHETIC NS

PLASMA
P - Parasympathetic
L - Long preganglionic tract
A - ACh used
S - Short postganglionic tract
M - Muscarinic receptor
A - ACh used

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Characteristics of the 2-motor neuron system of SYMPATHETIC NS

SSALAEn
S - Sympathetic
S - Short preganglionic tract
A - ACh used
L - Long postganglionic tract
A - Adrenergic receptors
E - Epinephrine & norepinephrine used

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SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Mydriasis

Sympathetic (a1)

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SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Contraction of ciliary muscle - near vision (accomodation)

Parasympathetic (M)

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SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Sweating

Sympathetic cholinergic (M)

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SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Vasodilation of skeletal muscles

Sympathetic (B2)

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SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Vasoconstriction (skin, vein, arterioles of GI)

Sympathetic (A1)

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SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE:
Bronchoconstriction

Parasympathetic (M3)

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SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE: Inc. GI motility

Parasympathetic (M3)

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE: GI Sphincter relaxation

Parasympathetic (M3)

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE: Detrusor muscle contraction and GU sphincter relaxation

Parasympathetic (M3)

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE: Pregnant uterine contraction and relaxation

Sympathetic (A1 & B2)

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE: Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis

Sympathetic

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE: Inc. exocrine pancreatic secretion

Parasympathetic

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE: Lipolysis of fat cells

Sympathetic (B1)

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE: Salivary amylase secretion (ptyalin)

Sympathetic

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE: Pineal gland melatonin synthesis

Sympathetic

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE: For far vision dilation

Sympathetic (B)

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE: Decreased GI motility

Sympathetic (A2 & B2)

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE: Constrict GI sphincters

Sympathetic (A1)

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE: Ejaculation

Sympathetic (A1)

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE: Relaxation of bladder wall

Sympathetic (B2)

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE: Constricts urinary sphincter

Sympathetic (A1)

SYMPA OR PARA RESPONSE: Renin secretion and RAAS

Sympathetic (B1)

What type of antihypertensive is prazosin?

Alpha-1 antagonist (in vascular smooth muscle)--> dec. BP

Why does atropine cause sympathetic effects, but not increased sweating (a sympathetic effect)?

Inc. sweating is a sympathetic effect but with final muscarinic receptors. Atropine is an anti-muscarinic --> will decrease sweating

Why is propranolol contraindicated in patients with asthma?

Propanolol is a non-selective beta antagonist. It also inhibits B2-receptors which increase bronchodilation when stimulated. If administered with propranolol, pt will have bronchoconstriction

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS - Type of receptor - Agonist vs. Antagonist DRUG(S): Phenylephrine

A1-agonists

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS - Type of receptor - Agonist vs. Antagonist DRUG(S): Phenoxybenzamine, Phentolamine, Prazosin

A1-antagonists

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS - Type of receptor - Agonist vs. Antagonist DRUG(S): Clonidine, Methyldopa

A2-agonist

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS - Type of receptor - Agonist vs. Antagonist DRUG(S): Yohimbine

A2-antagonist

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS - Type of receptor - Agonist vs. Antagonist DRUG(S): Dobutamine

B1-agonist

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS - Type of receptor - Agonist vs. Antagonist DRUG(S): Metoprolol

B1-antagonist

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS - Type of receptor - Agonist vs. Antagonist DRUG(S): Albuterol

B2-agonist

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS - Type of receptor - Agonist vs. Antagonist DRUG(S): Butaxamine

B2-antagonist

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS - Type of receptor - Agonist vs. Antagonist DRUG(S): Nicotine

N-agonist

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS - Type of receptor - Agonist vs. Antagonist DRUG(S): Muscarine

M-agonist

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS - Type of receptor - Agonist vs. Antagonist DRUG(S): Curare, Hexamethonium

N-antagonist

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS - Type of receptor - Agonist vs. Antagonist DRUG(S): Atropine

M-antagonist

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS - Type of receptor - Agonist vs. Antagonist DRUG(S): Norepinephrine

A1 and B1 agonist

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS - Type of receptor - Agonist vs. Antagonist DRUG(S): Isoproterenol

B1 and B2 (nonselective) agonist

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS - Type of receptor - Agonist vs. Antagonist DRUG(S): Propanolol

B1 and B2 (nonselective) antagonist

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS - Type of receptor - Agonist vs. Antagonist DRUG(S): ACh, Carbachol

N and M agonists

Migrated neural cells that secrete Epi and NE from Adrenal Medulla

Chromaffin cells

Function of Edinger-Westphal nucleus (CN III nucleus)

Pupil constriction Lens accommodation

Sympathetic innervation of lacrimal gland

Ophthalmic branch of Trigeminal n. (CNV1 of CN V)

Parasympathetic innervation of lacrimal gland

Facial nerve CN VII (Lacrimal nucleus)

Characteristics/components/centers of the Medulla

Vasomotor center Respiratory center (DRG, VRG) Swallowing, coughing, and vomiting centers (anything that has to do with the mouth)

Characteristics/components/centers of the Pons

Micturition center Pneumotaxic center Apneustic center

Characteristics/components/centers of the Hypothalamus

5 FS -Food & thirst -Flight -Fight -Furnace (temp. regulation) -Fornication

Characteristics/components/centers of the Thalamus

Relay center for all sensations (except olfaction) Memory recall

Characteristics/components/centers of the Frontal lobe

Higher cortical functions - Motor - Personality - Calculation - Judgement

Characteristics/components/centers of the Parietal lobe

Somatosensory cortex (sensation)

Characteristics/components/centers of the Occipital lobe

Vision

Characteristics/components/centers of the Temporal lobe

Hearing Vestibular processing Recognition of faces Optic pathway (Meyer's loop)

Characteristics/components/centers of the Limbic lobe

Behaviors, emotions, motivation (BEM) *It is located below the frontal lobe

Sensory systems encode for

Modality Location Intensity Duration

What are the a) warmth threshold, b) cold threshold, and c) temp where cold receptors become inactive again?

Warmth threshold: 30 C Cold threshold: 24 C Inactivation of cold receptors: <10 C

___________-adapting receptors/___________ receptors are for continuous stimulus strength (steady) *Martyrs

Slow Tonic

___________-adapting receptors/___________ receptors are for detecting change in stimulus strength (onset and offset) *Players

Fast Phasic

Characteristic of Type I receptive field

Smaller but with well-defined borders *best for 2-point discrimination

Characteristic of Type II receptive field

Wider but with poorly-defined borders

Sensory nerve fibers most and least susceptible to hypoxia

Most - Type B Least - Type C

Sensory nerve fibers most and least susceptible to pressure

Most - Type A Least - Type C

Sensory nerve fibers most and least susceptible to local anesthetics

Most - Type C Least - Type A

MATCH SENSORY FIBER TYPE TO GENERAL FIBER TYPE: Muscle spindle afferents (for proprioception and position sense)

A-alpha/Type Ia fibers

MATCH SENSORY FIBER TYPE TO GENERAL FIBER TYPE: Golgi tendon organs (for proprioception and position sense)

A-alpha/Type Ib fibers

MATCH SENSORY FIBER TYPE TO GENERAL FIBER TYPE: Secondary afferents of muscle spindles, touch, pressure

A-beta/Type II fibers

MATCH SENSORY FIBER TYPE TO GENERAL FIBER TYPE: Intrafusal fibers

A-gamma fibers

MATCH SENSORY FIBER TYPE TO GENERAL FIBER TYPE: Touch, pressure, fast pain, and temperature

A-delta/Type III fibers

MATCH SENSORY FIBER TYPE TO GENERAL FIBER TYPE: Preganglionic autonomic fibers

B fibers

MATCH SENSORY FIBER TYPE TO GENERAL FIBER TYPE: Slow pain, temperature, smell, itch, tickle, sexual Postganglionic autonomic fibers

C/Type IV fibers

SENSORY PATHWAY: SENSORY RECEPTOR --> SENSORY CORTEX 1st order, 2nd order, 3rd order, and 4th order nuclei

1st order: Dorsal root oriCranial nerve ganglia 2nd order: Spinal cord or brainstem 3rd order: Relay nucleus of thalamus 4th order: Sensory cortex

SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAYS: TOUCH, MOVEMENT, TEMP, PAIN Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Tract Fibers: Decussation: Sensations:

- A-beta/Type II fibers - Near the medulla - Touch w/ fine gradation and localization, vibration, movement, proprioception, fine pressure, 2-point discrimination

SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAYS: TOUCH, MOVEMENT, TEMP, PAIN Anterolateral/Spinothalamic Fibers: Decussation: Sensations:

- A-delta, C/Type III and IV fibers - Immediately (just ascend 1-2 vertebral levels) - pain, temperature, light touch, light pressure, tickle, itch, sexual

TACTILE RECEPTORS: Onion-shaped

Pacinian corpuscles (FA2)

TACTILE RECEPTORS: Iggo dome receptors if piled

Merkel disc (SA1)

TACTILE RECEPTORS: Found in hairless skin (fingertips, lips)

Meissner corpuscles (FA1)

TACTILE RECEPTORS: For crude touch, temperature, pressure

Free nerve endings

TACTILE RECEPTORS: For low-frequency (slow) vibration

Meissner corpuscle (FA1)

TACTILE RECEPTORS: For high-frequency (fast) vibration and tapping

Pacinian corpuscles (FA2)

TACTILE RECEPTORS: For moving 2-point discrimination

Meissner corpuscle (FA1)

TACTILE RECEPTORS: For stationary 2-point discrimination

Merkel's disc (SA1)

TACTILE RECEPTORS: For sustained or steady pressure

Ruffini corpuscles (SA2)

TACTILE RECEPTORS: For continuous touch

Merkel disc (SA1)

TACTILE RECEPTORS: Signal degree of joint rotation

Ruffini corpuscles (SA2)

TACTILE RECEPTORS: For movement of object on skin

Hair-end organ

Largest representation in sensory homunculus

Hands, face, tongue

What type of pain is poorly localized, supplied by Type IV/C fibers, NT is substance P, and is characterized as burning, aching and throbbing pain?

Slow/second pain

What type of pain is localized, supplied by Type III/A-delta fibers, NT is Glutamate, and is characterized as electrical pain?

Fast/first pain

Mediates synaptic transmission between pain fibers from pelvis and spinal cord in patient with gonorrhea

Substance P

What drugs can inhibit substance P?

Opioids

Pain is triggered by temperatures ranging from _____ to ______

<15 C - >43 C

What is the basis of referred pain?

*Follows dermatome rule *sharing of 2nd order neurons in the spinal cord of visceral pain fibers and skin fibers

NTs OF PAIN MODULATION: Location of Serotonin

Nucleus Raphe Magnum and Spinal Dorsal Horn

NTs OF PAIN MODULATION: Location of Norepinephrine

Locus Coeruleus

NTs OF PAIN MODULATION: Location of morphine

Periaqueductal gray matter

NTs OF PAIN MODULATION: Location of enkephalin

Spinal dorsal horn

NTs OF PAIN MODULATION: Location of opioid

Dorsal root ganglion

Refractive power of cornea

2/3 (fixed refractive power)

Refractive power of lens

1/3 (variable refractive power)

What happens to the following eye structures when there is need to focus on a far away object (farsightedness)? Ciliary muscles: Suspensory Ligaments: Lens:

Ciliary muscles: Relaxed Suspensory Ligaments: Inc. tension (taut) Lens: Flat

What happens to the following eye structures when there is need to focus on a near object (nearsightedness)? Ciliary muscles: Suspensory Ligaments: Lens:

Ciliary muscles: Contracted Suspensory Ligaments: Dec. tension (lax) Lens: Spherical

Protector of cornea during case of contact lens irritation

Lysozyme

Description of: MYOPIA Length of eyeball: Convergence of light: Corrective lenses:

Length of eyeball: Long Convergence of light: In front of retina Corrective lenses: Biconcave

Description of: HYPEROPIA Length of eyeball: Convergence of light: Corrective lenses:

Length of eyeball: Short Convergence of light: Behind retina Corrective lenses: Convex

Description of: ASTIGMATISM Characteristic of eyeball: Convergence of light: Corrective lenses:

Characteristic of eyeball: too great curvature/non-uniform curvature of cornea Convergence of light: multiple convergences of light in retina Corrective lenses: Cylindrical

Description of: PRESBYOPIA Disorder: Corrective lenses:

Disorder: Age-related loss of accommodation (focus on near object due to inability of ciliary muscle to contract to make lens spherical; also with thickening of lens (>40 yo) Corrective lenses: Convex (of 20/20 initially)

RETINAL CELLS: Prevent scattering of light

Pigment epithelial cells

RETINAL CELLS: Converts 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal

Pigment epithelial cells

RETINAL CELLS: Sensitive to low-intensity light (night vision) Present in parafoveal region (not in fovea)

Receptor cells: Rods *think so dark in jail (behind bars are like rods)

RETINAL CELLS: Sensitive to high-intensity light (day, color vision) Present in fovea centralis (area of most acute vision)

Receptor cells: Cones *think ice cream & cones (colorful ice creams of different flavors)

RETINAL CELLS: Contrast detectors Interneurons of receptor cells

Bipolar neurons

RETINAL CELLS: maintains internal geometry of retina

Muller cells

RETINAL CELLS: Output cells of retina Axons form optic nerve

Ganglion cells

Ganglion cells of retina for color, form, fine detail

P cells

Ganglion cells of retina illumination, movement

M cells

Visual field charting is known as?

Perimetry

Rare disorder characterized by: severe periorbital headaches dec. and painful eye movements (ophthalmoplegia) paralysis of CNs III, IV, VI

Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome

Corresponds to the physiological blind spot (no rods and cones). And, where is it located (EXACT LOCATION)

Optic disc Location: 12-15 degrees temporally, 1.5 degrees below horizontal median, 7.5 degrees high, 5.5 degrees wide

STEPS OF PHOTORECEPTION OF REDS Enumerate (Go future ophthalmologist!)

Vitamin A regenerates 11-cis retinal 11-cis retinal Photons/light All-trans retinal (converted from 11-cis retinal by light) Metarhodopsin II (intermediate of all-trans retinal) Activation of G protein/Transducin Activation of Phosphodiesterase Dec. cGMP (converted to 5'GMP) Closure of Na channels Hyperpolarization (brighter light -> greater hyperpolarization) Decreased glutamate release (excitatory ionotropic glutamate receptors of bipolar and horizontal cells are inhibited; inhibitory metabotropic glutamate receptors of bipolar and horizontal cells are depolarized)

3 CELL TYPES OF VISUAL CORTEX (SHAPE AND ORIENTATION OF FIGURES) Bars of light

Simple cells

3 CELL TYPES OF VISUAL CORTEX (SHAPE AND ORIENTATION OF FIGURES) Moving bars or edges of light

Complex cells

3 CELL TYPES OF VISUAL CORTEX (SHAPE AND ORIENTATION OF FIGURES) Lines with particular length and to curves/angles

Hypercomplex cells

Sound frequency is measured in _________, and correlated with __________ While sound intensity/pressure is measure in ________, and correlated with _________

Hertz (Hz), Pitch Decibels (dB), Amplitude

Endolymph is found in ____________ and _____________, and is rich in ______________

Scala media Cochlear duct Potassium (K)

Perilymph is found in ____________ and _____________, and is rich in ______________

Scala vestibuli Scala tympani Sodium (Na)

Decibels for the following Triggers attenuation reflex: Conversational speech: Limit to prevent occupational hearing loss:

>120 dB 60 dB 85 dB x 8 hours x 10 years

Outer ear fxn

sound localization and sound collection

Middle ear fxn

Amplification of sound (impedance matching)

Depolarization of inner hair cells is caused by

K going into cells

Place theory of hearing Base: * Location * Responds to

Near oval and round window High-frequency sounds

Place theory of hearing Apex: * Location * Responds to

Near helicotrema Low frequency sounds

VESTIBULAR SYSTEM Detect angular acceleration

Semicircular canals

VESTIBULAR SYSTEM Detect horizontal (linear) acceleration

Utricle

VESTIBULAR SYSTEM Detect vertical (linear) acceleration

Saccule

Where are olfactory memories found?

Entorhinal cortex

THE TASTE AND PARTS OF TONGUE 1. Sweet 2. Salty 3. Sour 4. Bitter 5. Umami

1. Tip 2. Periphery 3. Periphery 4. Back 5. Tip

Nuclear bag fibers detect _________________ while nuclear chains detect _______________

Dynamic changes Static changes

STRETCH/MYOTATIC/KNEE-JERK REFLEX No. of synapses: Stimulus: Afferent fibers: Response:

Monosynaptic Muscle stretch Type 1a Muscle contraction

CLASP-KNIFE/GOLGI TENDON/INVERSE STRETCH REFLEX No. of synapses: Stimulus: Afferent fibers: Response:

Disynaptic Muscle contraction Type 1b Muscle relaxation

FLEXION WITHDRAWAL REFLEX No. of synapses: Stimulus: Afferent fibers: Response:

Polysynaptic Pain Type II, III, IV Ipsilateral flexion, contralateral extension

EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS Rubrospinal tract

Stimulates flexors inhibits extensors *Fine movements of hands

EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS Pontine (medial) reticulospinal tract

STIMULATES both flexors and extensors (mainly extensors)

EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS Medullary (lateral) reticulospinal tract

INHIBITS both flexors and extensors (mainly extensors)

EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS Lateral vestibulospinal tract

Inhibits flexors Stimulates extensors *posture stabilization (postural adjustments)

EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS Tectospinal tract

Control of neck muscles Coordinate head and eye movements

Where does the fibers of corticospinal/pyramidal tract originate from

Giant pyramidal cells (Betz cells)

What is the function of the premotor and supplementary motor area in movement?

Planning

What is the function of the basal ganglia in movement?

fine tuning of movement

Provides pattern of motor activity

Primary motor area, premotor area, basal ganglia

Ventral/anterior corticospinal tract is concerned with

Control of bilateral postural movements by supplementary motor cortex

EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS Medial vestibulospinal tract

Gaze stabilization (control neck muscles, stabilize head, coordinate head with eye movements)

What vertebral level transection leads to decrease in HR and BP?

What vertebral level transection leads cessation of breating?

What vertebral level transection leads to death

DECORTICATE VS. DECEREBRATE Lesions above the midbrain

Decorticate rigidity

DECORTICATE VS. DECEREBRATE Lesions below the midbrain

Decerebrate rigidity

DECORTICATE VS. DECEREBRATE Lesions above lateral vestibular nucleus

DECORTICATE VS. DECEREBRATE Lesions between pontine reticular formation and midbrain

Decerebrate rigidity

DECORTICATE VS. DECEREBRATE Lesions above red nucleus

Decorticate rigidity

CEREBELLAR LESIONS Flocculonodular lobe

Cerebellar nystagmus

CEREBELLAR LESIONS Cerebellar vermis

Truncal ataxia

CEREBELLAR LESIONS Deep cerebellar nuclei

Hypotonia

CEREBELLAR LESIONS Cerebellar hemisphere

Ipsilateral intention tremor Dysdiadochokinesia Falls toward side of lesion

Primary function of basal ganglia

Planning and programming of movement

Main NT of basal ganglia

GABA

BASAL GANGLIA LESIONS: 1. Globus pallidus: 2. Subthalamic nucleus: 3. Striatum: 4. Substantia nigra:

1. Inability to maintain posture 2. Wild, flailing movements (hemiballismus) 3. Quick continuous, uncontrollable movements 4. Resting tremors, cogwheel rigidity, akinesia, postural instability

Brown-Sequard syndrome is characterized by:

*Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation 1-2 segments below the lesion *Ipsilateral weakness and spasticity

Epilepsy in primary motor cortex

Jacksonian seizures (focal partial seizure)

EEG waves in awake, at rest, closed eyes

Alpha waves

EEG waves in awake, alert, eyes open or in REM sleep

Beta waves

Syndrome characterized by multiple seizure types, characteristic EEG pattern in sleep of generalized paroxysmal fast activity, cognitive impairment, behavioral problems or devt delay

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome

Where memory is mainly stored

Temporal lobe

Encode events of recent past into long term memory (helps make new memories)

Hippocampus

Helps recall memory

Thalamus

Area for remote memories

Neocortical areas

Area for working memories

Prefrontal cortex

Area for ability to recall faces and forms

Inferior temporal lobe

Area for production of inappropriate emotional responses when recalling events of the past

Amygdala

Condition that results from transection of amygdala

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

CSF in brain is _______ml while CSF produced per day is ________ml

150; 500

Edema resulting from rupture of blood brain barrier

Vasogenic edema

Hippocampal lesion is to ____________ amnesia while Thalamic lesion is to _____________ amnesia

Anterograde amnesia; Retrograde amnesia

Main mechanism for heat conservation/gain

Shivering (behavioral change)

Main mechanism for heat loss

Radiation (60%)

ANTERIOR VS. POSTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS Heat loss

Anterior hypothalamus

ANTERIOR VS. POSTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS Heat gain

Posterior hypothalamus

Electrolyte involved in malignant hyperthermia

Calcium (Ca)

Drugs that trigger MH

Succinylcholine, Halothane, -flurane

Treatment for MH

Dantrolene, a Ca-channel (ryanodine receptor) blocker and muscle relaxant

Neurophysiology Flashcards

(207 cards)