Hematopoiesis

Question 0

Myeloid cells capable of transporting O2

Answer 0

Erythrocytes

Question 1

Functions of blood

Answer 1

Regulation of pH, osmosis
Maintenance of body temperature
Protection against foreign substances
Clot formation

Question 2

4 types of myeloid cells

Answer 2

Erythrocytes
Granulocytes
Monocytes
Megakaryocytes

Question 3

Precursor of lynphocytes

Answer 3

Lymphoid stem cells

Question 4

Production and development of formed elements

Answer 4

Hematopoiesis

Question 5

Pleuripotent vs progenitor cells

Answer 5

Pleuripotent - able to differentiate into any type of cell

Progenitor - decided on fate; precursor to a differentiated cell of the same tissue type

Question 6

Types of membranous bones

Answer 6

Ribs, sternum, vertebrae

– active in adult hematopoiesis

Question 7

Three phases of hematopoiesis

Answer 7

Mesoblastic, Hepatic, Medullary

Question 8

Stage of hematopoiesis wherein undifferentiated mesenchymal cells differentiate to clustered hemangioblasts, which further differentiate into endothelial and primitive blood cells

Answer 8

Mesoblastic (yolk sac)

Question 9

Hematopoeitic phase wherein liver bone marrow is the primary site of blood production

Answer 9

Medullary phase

Question 10

Alternative sites for producing blood cells in the adult

Answer 10

Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen

Question 11

Filters blood, gathers, transfers, and eliminates waste substances via bile acids

Answer 11

Liver

Question 12

Functions to remove damaged RBCs, synthesize immunoglobulin M, and store 30% of platelets

Answer 12

Spleen

Question 13

Disease related to enlargement of the spleen

Answer 13

Thalassemia

Question 14

Origin of the thymus

Answer 14

Yolk sac, liver

Question 15

Site where B and T lymphocytes go to finish maturation

Answer 15

Lymph nodes

Question 16

Function of bone marrow stromal cells

Answer 16

Regulate cytokine activity (nonstromal cells synthesize cytokines)

Question 17

Molecule class which includes interleukins, growth factors, interferons

Answer 17

Cytokines

Question 18

Critical cytokines in hematopoiesis

Answer 18

IL-3, stem cell factors, erythropoietin

Question 19

Molecule that stimulates development of red blood cells

Answer 19

Erythropoietin

Question 20

Average life span of RBC

Answer 20

120 days

Question 21

In succeeding generations of erythropoiesis, ____ increases whereas the ________ is diminished

Answer 21

Hemoglobin, basophilic nucleus

Question 22

T/F: increasing hematocrit will signal the liver and kidneys to stop producing erythropoietin.

Answer 22

T – feedback inhibition of erythropoiesis by RBC concentration

Question 23

Hematopoietic cytokine able to regulate cell functions including differentiation of macrophages and granulocytes, dendritic cell development, homeostasis

Answer 23

GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor)

Question 24

Promotes the early proliferation of primitive cells

Answer 24

SCF (stem cell factor)

Question 25

Molecules important for RBC synthesis (cofactors)

Answer 25

Iron, vitamin b12, folic acid

Question 26

Formation and development of white blood cells

Answer 26

Leukopoiesis

Question 27

Ability of white blood cells to transport themselves via amoeboid motion in between nonvascular tissues

Answer 27

Diapedesis

Question 28

How do leukocytes know where to travel?

Answer 28

Chemotaxis

Question 29

Granulocyte with multilobed nucleus; phagocytoses bacteria and fungi

Answer 29

Neutrophils

Question 30

Granulocyte with bi-lobed nucleus; active during helminthic infections and inflammation

Answer 30

Eosinophils

Question 31

Granular leukocyte with lobed nucleus; causes vasodilation by the release of histamines

Answer 31

Basophils

Question 32

General term for basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils

Answer 32

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes / granulocytes

Question 33

Precursors of mature granulocytes

Answer 33

Myeloid precursors

Question 34

Most immature form of granulocytes with an undifferentiated, round-ovoid nucleus devoid of granules

Answer 34

Myeloblast

Question 35

Granules which develop in promyelocytes

Answer 35

Azurophilic granules

Question 36

White blood cell with prominent secondary granules, kidney shaped nucleus

Answer 36

Metamyelocyte

Question 37

Second most common leukocyte in adults

Answer 37

Lymphocytes (these however, are the most abundant in children. Neutrophils are the most abundant in adults)

Question 38

Precursor cell which gives rise to macrophages, provides defense against viruses and intracellular bacteria in chronic infections

Answer 38

Monocyte

Question 39

Site of maturation for B lymphocytes

Answer 39

Periphery lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen)

Question 40

Common lymphoid progenitor

Answer 40

Bone marrow

Question 41

CD4 vs CD8 t-cells

Answer 41

CD4: helper T cells CD8: cytotoxic T cells

Question 42

Megakaryopoiesis regulator

Answer 42

Thrombopoietin

Question 43

Three stages of megakaryopoiesis

Answer 43

Basophilic, granular, mature

Question 44

T/F: basophilic megakaryocytes display polyploidy.

Answer 44

False. Granular megakaryocytes are more polyploid due to repetitive DNA replication

Question 45

Disease characterised by reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

Answer 45

Anemia

Question 46

Interpret leukocyte shift to the left vs leukocyte shift to the right

Answer 46

Shift to the left: presence of more immature leukocyte forms (probably due to infection or leukemia) Shift to the right: presence of more mature leukocytes (may be due to megaloblastic anemia)

Question 47

Presence of abnormally increased nuclear lobulation, seen in megaloblastic anemia

Answer 47

Hypersegmentation

Question 48

Excessive leukocytic response; overproduction of leukocytes

Answer 48

Leukomoid reaction

Question 49

Other term for progenitor cells

Answer 49

Colony-forming units

Question 50

Theory in which each of the blood cell lineages is derived from its own unique stem cell

Answer 50

Polyphyletic theory

Question 51

All blood cells arise from a single pleuripotent stem cell

Answer 51

Monophyletic or unitarian theory

Question 52

Significance of B12 in erythropoiesis

Answer 52

Synthesis of thymidine triphosphate

Question 53

(Rough/smooth) surfaces tend to enhance phagocytosis

Answer 53

Rough

Question 54

Phenomenon wherein antibodies adhere to foreign membranes, tagging them for macrophage selection and phagocytosis

Answer 54

Opsonization