Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophys Block II > Hematopoiesis III: Immune System and Lymphoid Organs > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis III: Immune System and Lymphoid Organs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two general functions of the lymphoid systems?

A
  1. fluid balance

2. destroying foreign microorganisms and infected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the two broad divisions of the immune system?

A

innate and adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

name the general classes of molecules that can activate the innate immune response

A
  1. PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular pattern)

2. DAMP (danger or damage-associated molecular pattern)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the 4 main cell types that are involved in the innate immune response

A
  1. macrophages
  2. neutrophils
  3. eosinophils
  4. NK cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

PAMP

A

pathogen-associated molecular pattern: may clear an infection before the adaptive response is activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

DAMP

A

danger or damage-associated molecular pattern: induced inflammation when there is tissue damage (e.g. bruise)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

PRR

A

pattern recognition receptor: term that includes things like PAMP and DAMP. basically something that causes the innate immune system to respond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what can occur if the innate immune system is hyperactive?

A

autoinflammatory disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which is faster to respond, innate or adaptive immunity?

A

innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

epitope

A

AKA: antigenic determinant. specific portion of antigen that is recognized and stimulates an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why do vaccines increase the speed and vigor of the immune system’s response to a specific antigen?

A

memory cells that are created in response to vaccination allow for a fast and vigorous immune response following introduction of their specific antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the two main branches of the adaptive immune system?

A

humoral and cellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

immunocompetent cell

A

lymphoid cell that is capable of reacting to an Ag, or able to become active in cell0mediate immunity or delayed hypersensitivity rxns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

immune response

A

a defense function of the body that protects against invading pathogens, foreign tissues, and malignancies (consists of humoral and cell-mediated immune response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

humoral immunity

A

B lymphocytes produce Abs that react w/ specific antigens. Ag-Ab rxns that activate compliment cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cellular immunity

A

T lymphocytes mobilize tissue macrophages in the presence of foreign antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

memory cells

A

T and B lymphocytes that mediate immunological memory. help mediate subsequent Ag invasions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

APC

A

antigen presenting cells, present specific Ag to T cells along w/ surface proteins that act as co-stimulatory molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what type of cell is the most common APC to activate naive T cells?

A

dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

list the central lymphoid organs

A

thymus and bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the function of the central lymphoid tissues

A

the site of lymphocyte differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

list the peripheral lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissue- e.g. tonsils and Peyer’s patches)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

GALT

A

gut-associated lymphoid tissue- tonsils and Peyer’s patches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the function of the peripheral lymphoid tissues

A

where immune cells come into contact with Ags or infected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Waldeyer’s ring

A

an example of partially encapsulated confluent lymphoid follicles. palatine, pharyngeal, and lingual tonsils (encircle the pharynx- gateway to the gut)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

an example of non-encapsulated confluent lymphoid follicles. found in the ilium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

appendix

A

an example of non-encapsulated confluent lymphoid follicles. found inferior to the ascending large intestine (RLQ)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

immunoglobulin

A

(Ig/antibody) a molecule that recognizes and binds a pathogen or infected cell to initate an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the 3 main effects that an antibody can have?

A
  1. block activity of Ag
  2. mark Ag for phagocytosis
  3. activate complement cystem
30
Q

antigen

A

molecule that binds to an Ab, something that can cause an immune response.

31
Q

innate (natural) immunity

A

primitive immunity that is present w/o prior Ag stimulation, recognizes PAMPS and DAMPS

32
Q

what determines pathogen specificity of the innate immune system?

A

germline DNA (as opposed to prior activation by encounter w/ an Ag)

33
Q

adaptive immunity

A

more specific, learned immune response that is dependent on lymphocytic recognition of Ags (Ags can be soluble or fixed to whole cells- e.g. LPS on bacteria)

34
Q

immunodeficiency

A

suceptibility to infection, cancer, and other diseases because of an inadequate immune response

35
Q

what is the process of development and maturation for T cells?

A
  1. produced in the bone marrow
  2. released into blood stream
  3. mature in the thymus
  4. activated in thymus to become either memory T cells, T helpers, T cytotoxic
36
Q

what is the process of development and maturation for B cells?

A
  1. produced and mature in bone marrow
  2. released into blood stream
  3. find peripheral lymphoid tissue where they remain (inactivated)
  4. once they are activated by Ag, they proliferate and terminally differentiate into plasma cells or memory cells
37
Q

diffuse lymphoid tissue

A

tissue w/ scattered B and T lymphocytes, common in mucosal linings, associated w/ GI, respiratory, and urinary systems

38
Q

lymphoid follicles (nodules)

A

structures organized for the activation of B cells (may be solitary or grouped), helper T cells around periphery, can be primary or secondary (secondary have germinal centers)

39
Q

discuss the structure of the tonsils

A

connective tissue capsule w/ epithelium that forms crypts to increase SA. stroma made up of reticular cells and fibers. intraepithelial lymphocytes housed w/i epithelium in nodules.

40
Q

afferent vessels

A

lymph vessel that carries fluid into lymph node

41
Q

efferent vessels

A

lymph vessel that drains lymph node at hilum

42
Q

follicular cortex

A

outer portion of the lymph node, B cell rich area, rich capillary network, lots of follicles

43
Q

what types structures exit the lymph node at the hilum?

A
  1. efferent lymph vessels
  2. blood vessels
  3. nerves
44
Q

parafollicular cortex

A

lymph node layer that is just deep to the follicular cortex, T cell zone

45
Q

medulla of the lymph node

A

inner portion of the lymph node, contains medullary cords and sinuses, rich in macrophages and plasma cells

46
Q

cortical sinuses

A

AKA trabecular or intermediate sinuses. sinuses of the cortex that drain fluid into the medullary sinuses

47
Q

medullary sinuses

A

collect lymph that has filtered thru. cortex. macrophages, drain to efferent lymph vessels.

48
Q

what are the 5 main things that can be found in lymph fluid that is entering a node via afferent vessels?

A
  1. soluble substances
  2. dendritic cells (APC kind)
  3. lymphocytes (B and T cells)
  4. possibly microbes
  5. possibly metastasizing cancer cells
49
Q

medullary cords

A

cords of lymphatic tissue found in the medulla of the node, made up of plasma cells, B cells, and macrophages

50
Q

where might you find a reticular fiber stroma w/i the lymph node?

A

cortex and medullary cords

51
Q

what types of cells maintain the reticular stroma of the cortex and medullary cords?

A

fibroblastic reticular cells

52
Q

where are germinal centers found in the lymph node?

A

follicular cortex

53
Q

what is the function of the lymphoid follicles?

A

activate B cells (can be primary or secondary depending on presence of germinal centers)

54
Q

what is the structure of the red pulp of the spleen?

A

venous sinusoids, encircled by reticular fibers and long barrel-like endothelial cells. contain macrophages, plasma cells, blood. blood from from trabecular arteries, to central arteries, to red pulp.

55
Q

what is the structure of the white pulp of the spleen?

A

lymphoid tissue made up of PALS (T cells around central artery) and scattered follicles (B cell rich). also contains marginal zone and sinuses that are rich in APCs

56
Q

what types of cells would you find in PALS of the white pulp of the spleen?

A

T cells

57
Q

what types of cells would you find in the follicles of the white pulp of the spleen?

A

B cells

58
Q

what types of cells would you find in the marginal zone and sinuses of the white pulp of the spleen?

A

APCs

59
Q

briefly, what is the function of the red pulp of the spleen? white pulp?

A

red pulp: filtration

white pulp: lymphoid tissue

60
Q

PALS

A

periarterial lymphatic sheath, T cells surrounding an artery

61
Q

splenic sinusoids

A

wide blood vessels w/i the red pulp of the spleen that drain into the splenic trabecular arteries; filter out blood as it enters the spleen

62
Q

splenic cords

A

cords w/i the red pulp of the spleen that are rich in macrophages, plasma cells

63
Q

what are the two main functions of the thymus?

A
  1. positive selection of T cells

2. negative selection of T cells

64
Q

discuss positive selection of T cells in the thymus

A

first stage of T cell maturation, occurs in cortex of thymus, tested and pass if they have reactivity to “non-self”

65
Q

discuss negative selection of T cells in the thymus

A

second stage of T cell maturation, occurs in medulla of thymus, tested and pass if response is “just right” (i.e. not hyper active)

66
Q

thymocytes

A

immature T cells that are found in the cortex of the thymus

67
Q

what types of cells are in the thymus to break down immature T cells that do not pass positive selection process in the cortex?

A

macrophages

68
Q

blood thymus barrier

A

impermeable epithelium lines vessel walls (tight junctions and thickened basement membrane), macrophages in perivascular space. reticular cells have tight junctions to keep antigens out

69
Q

discuss the cortex of the thymus

A

houses thymocytes, site of DNA rearrangements that increase diversity of antigen recognition

70
Q

discuss the medulla of the thymus

A

houses T cells, Hassal’s corpuscles, supportive epithelial reticular cell stroma

71
Q

Hassal’s corpuscle

A

concentric, flattened, epithelial reticular cells w/i medulla of thymus. may calcify, function is uncertain, may secrete ILs needed for thymic function

Pathophys Block II (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions