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HEMATOLOGY 1 > Hematopoiesis Part 2 > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

All blood cells are derived from single Pluripotent Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Most widely accepted

A

Monophyletic Theory

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2
Q

Pluripotent means

A

capable of self renewal, proliferation and differentiation

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3
Q

Each of the blood cell lineages is derived from its own unique stem cell

A

Polyphyletic Theory

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4
Q

 capable of self-renewal
 have a high-degree of proliferative capability
 pluripotent
 morphologically unrecognizable cells
 give rise to differentiated progenitor cells

A

Noncommitted or Undifferentiated Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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5
Q

 descendants of stem cells that can differentiate further into a specific cell lineage
 morphologically unrecognizable cells

A

Committed or Differentiated Progenitor Cells

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6
Q

Two types of Multilineage-specific Progenitor Cells

A
  1. Commo Myeloid Progenitor
  2. Common Lymphoid Progenitor
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7
Q

Committed or Differentiated Progenitor Cells lineage

A

Multilineage progenitors → Unilineage progenitors → give rise to precursor cells

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8
Q

CFU-GEMM

A

Granulocyte, erythrocyte, megakaryocyte, monocyte

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9
Q

CFU-E

A

Erythrocyte

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10
Q

CFU-Meg

A

Megakaryocyte

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11
Q

CFU-M

A

Monocyte

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12
Q

CFU-GM

A

Granulocyte, Monocyte

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13
Q

CFU-Baso

A

Myeloid to basophil

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14
Q

CFU-Eo

A

Myeloid to eosinophil

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15
Q

CFU-G

A

Myeloid to neutrophil

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16
Q

CFU-pre-T

A

T lymphocyte

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17
Q

CFU-pre-B

A

B Lymphocyte

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18
Q

 committed to forming a particular type of blood cell
 morphologically recognizable cells
 lineage-specific

A

Precursor Cells

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19
Q

MODEL OF HEMATOPOIESIS (Myeloid)

A

Pluripotent HSCs → Common Myeloid Progenitor → Granulocytic, Monocytic, Erythrocytic, Megakaryocytic Lineage

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20
Q

MODEL OF HEMATOPOIESIS (Lymphoid)

A

Pluripotent HSCs → Common Lymphoid Progenitor → T, B, NK-Lymphocytes, Dendritic Lineages

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21
Q

Stem Cell Marker - Lymphoid & Myeloid Precursors

A

CD 34

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22
Q

Stem Cell Marker - Committed Myeloid Progenitor

A

CD 33 & CD 38

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23
Q

Stem Cell Marker - Committed Lymphoid Progenitor

A

CD 10 & CD 38

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24
Q

Stem Cell Marker - T-lymphoid Progenitor cells

A

CD 7

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25
Stem Cell Marker - B-lymphoid Progenitor Cells
CD 19
26
3 possible fates of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
 Self-renewal  Differentiation  Apoptosis
27
Symmetric Division Lineage
HSCs divide → 2 identical daughter cells → both daughter cells leave the stem cell pool → undergo differentiation
28
Asymmetric Division Lineage
HSCs divide → 2 identical daughter cells → 1 daughter cell remains in the stem cell pool | 1 daughter cell leaves the stem cell pool → undergo differentiation or apoptosis
29
HSC randomly commits to self-renewal or differentiation
Stochastic Model (Till and McCulloch)
30
Microenvironment in the BM determines whether the HSC will self-renew or differentiate
Instructive Model
31
Initial decision: (THEORY)
HSC randomly commits to self-renewal or differentiation (Stochastic) → decision to proceed with lineage differentiation in the presence of various signals from the hematopoietic inductive microenvironment of the BM (Instructive) → cell differentiation and maturation occur
32
MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR AS CELL DIFFERENTIATES AND MATURES
 Overall decrease in cell volume and decrease in the ratio of nucleus and cytoplasm (N:C ratio)  Changes in the nucleus  Changes in the cytoplasm
33
Changes in the NUCLEUS as cells DIFFERENTIATES and MATURES
 Loss of nucleoli  ↓ diameter of nucleus  Condensation of nuclear chromatin  Shape of nucleus  Loss of nucleus
34
Changes in the CYTOPLASM as cells DIFFERENTIATES and MATURES
 ↓ in basophilia  ↑ proportion of cytoplasm  Possible appearance of granules in the cytoplasm
35
SIGNALS FROM THE HEMATOPOIETIC INDUCTIVE MICROENVIRONMENT
- Intrinsic Factors - Extrinsic Factors - Regulatory Signaling Factors
36
 Intrinsic regulation involves ______
genes
37
 TAL1 and GATA2 are essential for ____________
primitive and definitive hematopoiesis
38
(FACTORS) expressed in the cells in the hemangioblast (bipotential progenitor cell of mesodermal origin)
TAL1
39
(FACTORS) expressed in late-appearing HSCs
GATA2
40
Extrinsic regulation involves _______________
growth factors/cytokines
41
Allows HSCs to respond to hematopoietic inductive microenvironment  Notch-1  Notch-2
Regulatory Signaling Factors
42
group of specific glycoproteins that regulate the proliferation, differentiation and maturation of hematopoietic precursor cells have stimulatory or inhibitory effects
Hematopoietic Growth Factors or Cytokines
43
Cytokines include:
interleukins (ILs), lymphokines, monokines, interferons, chemokines, and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
44
Cytokines that exert positive influence (stimulatory)
 KIT ligand  FLT3 ligand  GM-CSF  IL-1  IL-3  IL-6  IL-11
45
Cytokines that exert negative influence (inhibitory)
 Growth factor-β  Tumor necrosis factor-a  Interferons (gamma)
46
Roles of Cytokines
1. Inhibits apoptosis 2. Stimulate cells to divide by decreasing the transit time from G0 to G1 phase 3. Regulate cell differentiation into various cell lineages
47
 Programmed cell death  Natural physiologic process  Eliminates unwanted, abnormal or harmful cells
Apoptosis
48
 When cells do not receive the appropriate cytokines necessary to prevent cell death, __________ is initiated
apoptosis
49
they have the ability to induce hematopoietic colony formation
Colony-Stimulating Factors
50
stimulates formation of CFU-GM (colony-forming unit for granulocyte & monocyte/macrophage also known as Granulocyte-Monocyte Progenitor)
GM-CSF (Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor)
51
stimulates formation of CFU-M (colony-forming unit-monocyte)
M-CSF (Macrophage-Stimulating Factor)
52
stimulates formation of CFU-G (colony-forming unit-granulocyte)
 G-CSF (Granulocyte-Stimulating Factor)
53
Receptor: KIT
KIT Ligand (Stem Cell Factor)
54
Receptor: FLT3
FLT3 Ligand
55
EARLY-ACTING MULTILINEAGE GROWTH FACTORS
 KIT Ligand (Stem Cell Factor)  FLT3 Ligand
56
 Protein molecules that have synergistic interactions with other cytokine to stimulate proliferation and differentiation of specific cell lines  Effective at very low concentrations
Interleukins
57
Erythropoiesis Lineage
Pluripotent HSC → Common Myeloid Progenitor/CFU-GEMM → BFU-E → CFU-E → Erythroid Precursor Cells → Mature erythrocytes
58
contains few receptors for EPO
Burst-Forming Unit – Erythroid (BFU-E)
59
contains many receptors for EPO
Colony-Forming Unit – Erythroid (CFU-E)
60
 Lineage-specific glycoprotein hormone produced specifically by the peritubular interstitial cells of the kidney  A small amount of it is produced in the liver
Erythropoietin (EPO)
61
Stimulus for production and secretion of EPO: oxygen availability in the kidneys
↓ oxygen → ↑ EPO production
62
EPO Stimulates RBC production by:
1. Recruitment of CFU-E from BFU-E 2. Preventing apoptosis of erythroid progenitors 3. Inducing hemoglobin synthesis
63
Two Major Categories of LEUKOPOIESIS
Myelopoiesis Lymphopoiesis
64
production of monocytes and granulocytes (neutrophils, basophil, eosinophil)
Myelopoiesis
65
production of lymphocytes
Lymphopoiesis
66
MEGAKARYOPOIESIS Lineage
Pluripotent HSC → CMP/CFU-GEMM → Megakaryocyte progenitors (Burst-Forming Unit-Meg/BFU-Meg → CFU-Meg → Light Density-CFU-Meg/LD-CFU-Meg) → Precursor cells → Platelets

HEMATOLOGY 1 (12 decks)

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