Hemodyanamic Disorders I

Question 1

thrombosis

Answer 1

excessive blood clot formation

Question 2

edema

Answer 2

increased fluid in interstitial tissue spaces

Question 3

transudate

Answer 3

protein-poor fluid in edema

Question 4

hydrothorax

Answer 4

fluid in pleural space

Question 5

hydropericardium

Answer 5

fluid in space between heart and pericardium

Question 6

ascites (hydroperitoneum)

Answer 6

fluid in peritoneal space

Question 7

Things that can cause elevated hydrostatic presssure

Answer 7

CHF, constrictive pericarditis, ascities, venous obstruction or compression

Question 8

things that can cause decreased plasma oncotic pressure

Answer 8

nephortic syndrome, end stage liver disease, malnutrition, protein losing gastroenteropathy

Question 9

things that can cause lymphatic obstriction

Answer 9

inflammation
neoplasia
surgery
postirradation

Question 10

things that can cause sodium retention

Answer 10

renin angiotensin aldosterone, renal insufficiency

Question 11

things that can cause infllmation

Answer 11

angiogenesis

Question 12

What are the 3 primary mechanisms that cause edema

Answer 12

heart failure, malnutrition, renal failure

Question 13

what kind of edema does increased hydrostatic pressure cause

Answer 13

dependent

Question 14

albumin

Answer 14

protein most responsible for maintaining colloid osmotic pressure

Question 15

what do you get ascites from

Answer 15

advanced liver cirrhosis

Question 16

anasarca

Answer 16

severe generalized edema

due to lack of oncotic pressure

Question 17

what is the earliest sign of anasarca

Answer 17

periorbital edema

Question 18

what does an increase of salt in circulation cause

Answer 18

shift of fluid to intravascular space
increased hydrostatic pressure due to expansion of fluid volume
increased plasma water content results in deceased oncotic pressure

Question 19

what type of edema is inflammation

Answer 19

normally localized, but can be generalized if result of systemic inflammatory response

Question 20

what does edema look like histologically

Answer 20

clearing and separation of ECM elements

may see pink staining if protein content is significant

Question 21

common causes of cardiogenic pulmonary edema

Answer 21

Left ventricular failure
myocardial infarction
systemic hypertension

Question 22

What does pulmonary edema present as

Answer 22

dyspnea, cough, tachycardia, hear crackles or rains when breathing, engorged neck veins

Question 23

interstitial pulmonary edema

Answer 23

poorly defined pulmonary vessels
visible lung fissures
septal lines
thick bronchial walls

Question 24

alveolar pulmonary edema

Answer 24

bilateral symmetric perihilar lung consolidation

Question 25

what does interstitial pulmonary edema look like on an xray

Answer 25

hazy

Question 26

what does alveolar pulmonary edema look like on xray

Answer 26

densities

Question 27

what does pulmonary edema look like in gross

Answer 27

exaggerated lobular structures, frothy

Question 28

what does pulmonary edema look like histologically

Answer 28

pink fluid hemosiderin laden macrophages thick alveolar septa

Question 29

tonsillar herniation

Answer 29

cerebral edema that pushes brainstem down into foramen magnum

Question 30

causes of localized cerebral edema

Answer 30

abcess, neoplasm, trauma

Question 31

causes of generalized cerebral edema

Answer 31

encephalitis, hypertensive crisis, obstructive of venous outflow, trauma

Question 32

what does cerebral edema look like in gross

Answer 32

distended flatten gyri, narrowed sulci