Hemodynamic Disorders IV

Question 1

what is virchow’s triad

Answer 1

hypercoagulatble state
endothelial injury
circulatory stasis

Question 2

endothelial injury

Answer 2

dominant influence on thrombosis

Question 3

what are risk factors for endothelial dysfunction

Answer 3

diabetes mellitus
hypercholesterolemia
hypertension
smoking

Question 4

what is hypercoagulable state often caused by

Answer 4

factor V mutation

Question 5

what does factor V leiden casue

Answer 5

resistance to degradation by activated protein C

increased probability of thrombosis

Question 6

antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

Answer 6

serum antibodies directed against anionic phospholipids

Question 7

antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in vitro

Answer 7

inhibit clotting tests due to interference with assembly of phospholipid complexes

Question 8

antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in vivo

Answer 8

hypercoagulable state

Question 9

clinical signs of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

Answer 9

recurrent venous or arterial thrombi
repeated miscarriages
cardiac valve vegetaations
thrombocytopenia

Question 10

causes of turbulent

Answer 10

ulcerated atheroscloertic plaque
MI
atrical fib

Question 11

where do arterial thrombi occur

Answer 11

sites of endothelial injury

Question 12

what does venous thrombi usually occur as a consequence of

Answer 12

statis

Question 13

risk factors for arterial thrombossi

Answer 13

MI
rhematic heart disease
Afib
atheroscelorsis

Question 14

arterial thrombosis

Answer 14

may cause local obstruction or distant embolization

Question 15

what arteries tend to have arterial thrombi

Answer 15

coronary > cerebral > femoral

Question 16

what are arterial thrombi composed of

Answer 16

platelets
fibrin
erythrocyte
leukocyte

Question 17

risk factors for venous thrombosis

Answer 17

CHF
trauma
surgery
pregnacy
cancer

Question 18

trouseeaue syndrome/migratory thrombophlebitis

Answer 18

serine protease released by maligant tumor cells activates factor 10
tumor cells release plasma membrane vesicles exhibiting procoagulant activity

Question 19

What are common sources for arterial emboli

Answer 19

a fib
mitral stenosis
endocarditis
mural thrombi
paradoxical emboli

Question 20

systemic thromboembolism

Answer 20

emboli that migrate within the arterial ciruclation

Question 21

most common systemic thromboembolism

Answer 21

intracardiac mural thrombi

Question 22

What is the most common destination of arterial embolization

Answer 22

lower extremities

Question 23

mural thrombi

Answer 23

arterial thrombosis in cardiac chamber due to myocardial infarction, ulcerated atherosclerotic plaque or aneurysmal dilation

Question 24

paradoxical embolism

Answer 24

rare condition where an embolus originating from venous circulation passes through an inter-atrial or inter-ventricular defect to gain access to systemic circulation

Question 25

What do pulmonary thromboembolism usually arise from

Answer 25

DVT

Question 26

most common pulomary emboli

Answer 26

small

Question 27

large pulmonary emboli

Answer 27

saddle emboli | sudden death or acute right heart failure

Question 28

small to medium sized pulmonary emboli

Answer 28

more likely to cause infarcation | seen mainly in pts with heart or lung disease

Question 29

small pulmonary emboli

Answer 29

mostly silent infarctions only if compromised pulmonary circulation hemorrhages mainly

Question 30

recurrent pulmonary emboli

Answer 30

worsening dyspnea | chronic

Question 31

How do you get fat embolism

Answer 31

fractures of long bones soft tissue trauma burns

Question 32

symptoms of fat embolism syndrome

Answer 32

tachypnea, dyspnea tachycardia diffuse petechial rash

Question 33

What is air embolism due to

Answer 33

obstetric procedures | chest wall injury

Question 34

decompression sickness

Answer 34

sudden changes in atm pressure

Question 35

the bends

Answer 35

painful formation of gas bubbles in skeletal muscles and supporting tissues in and around joints

Question 36

the chocks

Answer 36

gas emboli in lungs cause edema, hemorrhage, atelectasis and emphysema causing respiration

Question 37

amniotic fluid embolism

Answer 37

amniotic fluid within circulation

Question 38

symptoms of amniontic fluid embolism

Answer 38

dyspnea, cyanosis, shock, coma, DIC

Question 39

what does an amniotic fluid embolism consist of

Answer 39

epithlial cells lanugo hair fat from venix caseosa mucin