Hemodyanmic Disorders II

Question 1

Hyperemia

Answer 1

active process in which arteriolar dilation results in increased flow of blood to a tissue

Question 2

congestion

Answer 2

passive process due to impaired outflow of blood from a tissue

Question 3

chronic passive congestion

Answer 3

long term congestino producing stasis of poorly oxygenated blood resulting in cellular degeneration and death

Question 4

What happens if there is capillary rupture

Answer 4

small foci of hemorrhage

accumulation of hemosiderin-laden macrophages at site

Question 5

what does acute pulomary congestion look like microscopically

Answer 5

alveolar capillaries engorged with blood
alveolar septal edema
focal intraalveolar hemorrhage

Question 6

What does chronic pulmonary congestion look like microscopically

Answer 6

thicken and fibrotic septa

hemosiderin-laden macrophages in alveolar spaces

Question 7

Nutmeg liver

Answer 7

central regions of hepatic lobules are grossly red/brown and depressed, surrounded by unaffected areas

Question 8

centrilobular necrosis

Answer 8

hepatocellular death and accompanying hemorrhage with hemosiderin laden macrophage

Question 9

hematoma

Answer 9

collection of blood

Question 10

petechiae

Answer 10

1-2 mm hemorrhage

Question 11

purura

Answer 11

> 3mm hemorrhage

Question 12

ecchymoses

Answer 12

> 1-2 cm hemorrhage

Question 13

What 3 general components contribute to hemostatis

Answer 13

endothelium/vascular wall
platlets
coagulation cascade

Question 14

sequence of clot formation

Answer 14

• brief vasoconstriction
• platlets become activated and adhere
• tissue factor is released and activates the coagulation cascade forming fibrin
• platelet activation furthers coagulation
• fibrin and platelets form a clot

Question 15

what type of functions does endothelium have

Answer 15

both anticoagulant and procoagulant

Question 16

What can activate endothelium to procoagulant state

Answer 16

infectious agents
hemodynamic forces
cytokines
plasma mediators

Question 17

what can activate endothelium to anticoagulant state

Answer 17

PGI2, NO

adenosine diphosphatase

Question 18

thrombomodulin

Answer 18

converts thrombin to an anticogulatic

Question 19

fivrinolytic

Answer 19

endothelial cells make tPA

Question 20

what type of cell synthesizes von willebrand factor

Answer 20

endothelial

Question 21

what induces endothelial cells to make tissue factor

Answer 21

endotoxin and some cytokines

Question 22

what kind of cells secrete plasminogen activator inhibitor

Answer 22

endothelial

Question 23

von willebrand factor

Answer 23

links subendothelium to glycoprotein Ib receptors on platelets

Question 24

function of vWF

Answer 24

firm adherence of platelets to vessel wall

Question 25

once platelets adhere to the wall what happens

Answer 25

release of their granules

Question 26

What granule contents do platelets release

Answer 26

calcium ADP platelet factor 4 serotonin

Question 27

_____ is critical for coagulation cascade

Answer 27

calcium

Question 28

ADP

Answer 28

mediates platelets aggregation which drives increasing platelet aggregation at the site

Question 29

platelet factor 4

Answer 29

binds to heparin and inactivates it

Question 30

serotonin

Answer 30

induces vasoconstrition

Question 31

thromboxane

Answer 31

released by platelets, further platelet aggregation

Question 32

how does fibrinogen link platets

Answer 32

GpIIb-IIIa

Question 33

thrombin

Answer 33

binds to platelet surface

Question 34

what does platelet activation cause

Answer 34

expression of phospholipid complexes on surface of platelets which act as surfaces to bind coagulation factors and calcium - promote coagulation