Hemodynamic Disorders

Question 1

What is edema

Answer 1

Accumulation of fluid in tissues

Question 2

Hydroperitoneum or ascites is

Answer 2

Edema of abdomen

Question 3

Increased fluid in alveolar spaces and interstitium of lung is called

Answer 3

Pulmonary edema

Question 4

What is arasarca

Answer 4

Generalised edema with widespread subcutaneous tissue swelling

Question 5

What causes edema

Answer 5

Increased hydrostatic pressure and low colloid osmotic pressure leads to increased movement of fluid out of vessels, if the net rate of movement of fluid exceeds lymphatic drainage then fluid accumulates called oedema

Question 6

What is hyperemia

Answer 6

It is increased blood flow to an organ. It is due to arterial dilation which leads to increase blood flow. It is excess of blood in an organ.

Question 7

What is a sign of hyperemia

Answer 7

Erythema

Question 8

What is erythema

Answer 8

Redness of tissues due to engorgement of vessels with oxygenated blood. It is caused due to hyperemia

Question 9

What is congestion?

Answer 9

It is the reduced outflow of blood from a tissue causing engorgement of an organ with Venous blood. (Excessive accumulation of blood)

Question 10

What is the sign of congested tissues?

Answer 10

Congested tissues have a dusky radish blue colour— cyanosis — due to RBC stasis (slow movement) and an accumulation of deoxygenated haemoglobin.

Question 11

What does cyanosis?

Answer 11

It is dusky reddish blue colour of tissues due to RBC stasis and an accumulation of deoxygenated haemoglobin

Question 12

What is a haematoma?

Answer 12

It is a portable mass of blood. It is a haemorrhage into soft tissue.

Question 13

What is petichiae

Answer 13

Minute 1-2 mm haemorrhages

Question 14

What is pupura

Answer 14

A flat haemorrhage that is slightly longer than a petichiae,
less than 3 mm.

Question 15

What is ecchymosis

Answer 15

1-2 cm bruise from hemorrhage

Question 16

White infarct is caused by

Answer 16

Arterial occlusion

Question 17

White infarct is caused by arterial occlusion in

Answer 17

Solid organs with end arterial circulations (spleen, kidney, heart)

Question 18

The area of white infarct is ____ in colour

Answer 18

Pale

Question 19

Red infarct is caused by ________ in _______ with ________ circulation

Answer 19

Venous occlusion in spongy organs with dual circulation (lungs, small int)

Question 20

Red infarct affected area colour

Answer 20

Brown

Question 21

Area of ischemic necrosis due to occlusion of blood supply to affected tissue

Answer 21

Infarct

Question 22

Systemic hypo-fusion of tissues due to diminished cardiac output or reduced circulating blood volume

Answer 22

Shock