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Physio > Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

what is hemodynamics?

A

the forces that influence and regulate BP and blood flow

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2
Q

what are the different types of vasculature in the body?

A
  • arteries
  • arterioles
  • capillaries
  • venules
  • veins
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3
Q

what is the structure and function of the arteries?

A
  • very thick, can be very large diameters,
  • have lots of smooth muscle and elastic tissue, endothelium and fibrous tissue
  • function for movement of blood
  • more blood movement than veins
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4
Q

what is the structure and function of the arterioles?

A
  • smaller than arteries
  • about the same size as venules but thicker
  • have endothelium and smooth muscles
  • this allows for the movement of blood toward the capillaries
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5
Q

what is the structure and function of the capillaries?

A
  • very thin and small - only 1 layer of cells
  • only have endothelium
  • site of diffusion from the blood to the tissues back to the blood
  • don’t contract
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6
Q

what is the structure and function of the venules?

A
  • about the same size as arterioles
  • don’t contract
  • only have endothelium and fibrous tissue
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7
Q

what is the structure and function of the veins?

A
  • largest in diameter
  • not as thick as arteries
  • has endothelium, elastic tissue, smooth muscle and fibrous tissue but less so than the arteries
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8
Q

the circulatory system consists of…

A

a central pump and several vascular beds organized in parallel to each other
- the overall resistance of the circuit depends on the individual resistance of each section
- if you increase resistance in one place, you have to decrease resistance somewhere else to maintain blood pressure in the body

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9
Q

flow of blood is dependent on the regulation of ________ and _________ in a closed loop.

A

pressure and resistance

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10
Q

how do the arteries function in the circulatory system and why is it important?

A
  • they’re an elastic system
  • are a pressure reservoir that maintains blood flow during ventricular relaxation
  • if they did not maintain pressure, we would not be able to effectively pass blood through the body
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11
Q

how do the arterioles function in the circulatory system and why is it important?

A
  • are able to change their diameter to change the resistance of that area
  • this controls blood flow to places where it is necessary
  • helps with direction
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12
Q

how do the capillaries function in the circulatory system and why is it important?

A
  • they are super thin so they allow for diffusion of nutrients
  • exchange between the blood cells
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13
Q

how do the veins function in the circulatory system and why is it important?

A
  • they serve as an expandable volume reservoir
  • more compliant (= easier to expand)
  • more veins than arteries
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14
Q

how do you get blood to capillaries against resistance?

A

tissues in arteries enable expansion and elastic recoil will help keep pushing blood through the arteries into arterioles
- pressure reservoir
- in relaxation, pressure decreases and variable resistance regulators control diameter of arterioles

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15
Q

blood flow is dependent on…

A

PRESSURE GRADIENT

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16
Q

where is the highest point of pressure? lowest point?

A

highest = LV
lowest = RA

17
Q

Hydrostatic pressure is…

A

pressure (associated with BP) exerted by fluid in all direction on the walls
- the pressure of a fluid in motion decreased with distance (pressure lost due to friction)

18
Q

how does mean systolic blood pressure vary throughout the vasculature?

A
19
Q

what is the primary driving force fr blood force?

A

mean arterial blood pressure
= the pressure reserved in the arteries during heart relaxation

20
Q

at rest, the body tries to maintain MAPB, what happens if there are changes?
- if P changes?
- if CO changes?

A
  • CO or PR can be altered to bring it back to normal
  • changes in CO are balanced by changes in PR and vice versa
  • ex: if blood loss occurs = decrease in CO then decrease in P – counteracted by increase in R
  • ex: sudden increase in CO = decrease in R to maintain MABP = maintain pressure gradient
21
Q

what factors determine blood flow?

A

cardiac output and MABP

22
Q

what factors influence vascular resistance?

A
  • length of the circuit
  • viscosity of blood
  • radius of blood vessel
23
Q

According to Poiseuille’s equation, what are the relationships that affect cardiac output?

A
  • increase of P or r = increase in cardiac output
  • increase in viscosity or L = decrease in cardiac output
24
Q

how is vascular resistance exerted in the body?

A

in parallel or series circuits
- the overall resistance of the circuit depend on the individual resistance of each section combined

25
Q

what happens when there is sympathetic vasoconstriction?

A

= decreased radius
so R increased
blood flow decreases
– increase R here will lead to other areas decreasing resistance to maintain CO

26
Q

what is flow rate (Q)?

A
  • the volume of blood that passes a given point in the system per unit of time
  • volume / time
27
Q

what is velocity flow (v)?

A
  • the distance a fixed volume of blood travels in a given period of time
  • speed of flow
  • the cardiac output should be the same but the size of the vessel alters the speed at which it travels
  • faster in smaller vessels
28
Q

what is the continuity principle?

A
  • mass conservation
  • the product of velocity and cross-sectional area is constant k
29
Q

how does the velocity of blood flow relate to total sectional area of the vasculature?
- how does it vary in different vessels?

A

note: the capillaries are deemed a large cross sectional area because they are using the value of the combinations of all capillaries in a bed

30
Q

what kind of conditions affect aortic and coronary blood flow?

A
  • carotid stenosis (reduced radius)
  • aortic coarctation
  • atherosclerosis

Physio (15 decks)

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