Henry VII Flashcards
(264 cards)
1
Q
When was the Battle of Bosworth Field?
A
22nd August 1485
2
Q
When did Henry VII date the beginning of his reign?
A
21st of August 1485
3
Q
“Why was Henry VII’s date change important?”
A
He could claim that all those that fought against him were traitors, and could have Acts of Attainder brought against them.
4
Q
When was Henry VII crowned?
A
30th August 1485
5
Q
Why was the date of his Coronation significant?
A
It was before Parliament met, so that his power was not drawn from them but from his claim to the throne.
6
Q
When was Parliament called?
A
7th November 1485
7
Q
Who can call Parliament?
A
Only the Monarch
8
Q
When did Henry VII and Elizabeth of York marry?
A
January 1486
9
Q
What was so significant about Elizabeth of York?
A
“She was the strongest and one of the last claimants of the Yorkist line. This meant Yorkists now had to be loyal to Henry, or at least to his wife who was under Henry VII’s control.”
10
Q
When was Prince Arthur born?
A
September 1486
11
Q
What is significant about Prince Arthur?
A
Combining both Yorkist and Lancastrian lines he was an undisputed claimant, he secured a succession for Henry VII.
12
Q
After the Battle of Bosworth how many knighthoods did Henry give out?
A
11
13
Q
What happened to other claimants after the Battle of Bosworth?
A
Locked up, such as the Earl of Warwick
14
Q
When was the Earl of Warwick imprisoned?
A
22nd August 1485
15
Q
Who was appointed Lord Chamberlain for Henry VII?
A
Sir William Stanley
16
Q
Who was Sir William Stanley to Henry VII?
A
“Originally supported Richard, he switched sides at the Battle of Bosworth leading to Henry’s success and was highly trusted.”
17
Q
When was the Viscount Lovell and Stafford rebellion?
A
23rd April 1486 - 14th May 1486
18
Q
Where was the Lovell and Stafford uprising?
A
Viscount Lovell was in Yorkshire, the Stafford brothers in the Midlands
19
Q
Who was the Lovell and Stafford rebellion appealing to?
A
Yorkists not accepting the Battle of Bosworth
20
Q
What happened to the Viscount Lovell?
A
Lovell was allowed back into society as a Justice in an Assize court
21
Q
What happened to Stafford?
A
Executed after leaving sanctuary
22
Q
When was the Lambert Simnel impostiture?
A
1487
23
Q
What did Lambert Simnel claim?
A
He pretended to be the Earl of Warwick
24
Q
Who supported Lambert Simnel in court?
A
The Earl of Lincoln
25
When was Lambert Simnel crowned King Edward VI of Ireland?
24th of May 1487
26
How did Henry try to counteract the rebellion?
He paraded the real Earl of Warwick, forcing the Earl of Lincoln out, but the rebellion continued
27
Who helped the Earl of Lincoln and Lambert Simnel?
Margaret of Burgundy
27
Who helped the Earl of Lincoln and Lambert Simnel?
Margaret of Burgundy
28
"When did Margaret of Burgundy's funded mercenary army land in England?"
4th June 1487
29
What was the Lambert Simnel army made up of?
4500 Irish mercenaries provided by the Earl of Kildare, the rest up to 8000 were from local gentry support in England
30
When was the Battle of Stoke field?
16 June 1487
31
Who led the English army in the Battle of Stoke Field?
Earl of Oxford
32
What was the outcome of the Battle of Stoke Field?
Simnel was captured
33
What happened to Lambert Simnel?
He was pardoned and made a spit-turner, later being promoted to falconer?
34
How many knighthoods were awarded after the Battle of Stoke Field?
52 men were knighted.
35
When was the Yorkshire taxation Rebellion?
1489
36
What tax caused the Yorkshire Taxation Rebellion?
Henry VII wanted to raise £100,000 to support Brittany
37
Why did Yorkshire not want to pay Henry?
"They had a poor harvest and didn't respect a Lancastrian claimant"
38
How much money was raised in the end from the Yorkshire Taxation Rebellion?
£27,000
39
What significant event occurred during the Yorkshire Taxation Rebellion?
The Earl of Northumberland appealed Henry directly and was refused, when he returned to Yorkshire he was murdered.
40
When was the Earl of Northumberland murdered?
April 1489
41
What was the consequence of the murder of the Earl of Northumberland.
He had to appoint the Duke of Surrey, a previous enemy to govern York, however the Duke stayed loyal.
42
When was the Perkin Warbeck Impostiture?
1491-99
43
Who was Perkin Warbeck?
A cloth trader from Flanders
44
Who did Perkin Warbeck pretend to be?
Richard Duke of York
45
Where did the Perkin Impostiture begin?
Ireland
46
When did Perkin Warbeck flee to Burgundy?
1492
47
What did Perkin Warbeck do in Burgundy?
"He was trained to be a Prince and created a 'Court in Exile' involving many of Henry's court such as Sir William Stanley"
48
When did Perkin Warbeck attempt to land on England for the first time?
1495
49
Where does Perkin Warbeck flee after his defeat in 1485?
Ireland, then Scotland
50
When was Perkin Warbeck forced to flee France and why?
1492 after the Treaty of Etaples
51
When and why was Perkin Warbeck forced to leave Burgundy?
"After Henry VII embargoed trade with the HRE and Hanseatic League, they were forced to reject Perkin Warbeck's claim"
52
When was an Act of Attainder brought against Sir William Stanley?
January 1495
53
When did Perkin Warbeck receive support from Scotland?
November 1495
54
What support did Perkin Warbeck receive?
Military support and a pension of £1200
55
How was the Perkin Warbeck and James IV of Scotland invasion force stopped?
Marriage agreement between James IV and Margaret of England
56
Why and When was Perkin Warbeck expelled from Scotland?
The June 1497 Truce of Ayaton
57
When did Perkin Warbeck use the Cornish Rebellion to his advantage?
17 September 1497, laying siege to Exeter
58
When was Perkin Warbeck imprisoned?
5 October 1497
59
"When was Perkin Warbeck's escape attempt?"
June 1489
60
"Who else was implicated in Perkin Warbeck's escape attempt?"
The Earl of Warwick
61
When was the Earl of Warwick and Perkin Warbeck executed?
23rd of November 1499
62
When was the Cornish Taxation Rebellion?
1497
63
What happened just before in Cornwall during the Taxation Rebellion?
Tin mines were closed 1496 in an attempt to keep Cornwall in line with England
64
What did the Cornish people propose instead of a tax on them?
A property tax on York since it was to fund a war against Scotland
65
What was the force of the rebels?
Lord Audley led 15,000 just outside London at Blackheath
66
What happened at the battle of Blackheath?
Slaughter, 1000 rebels killed
67
When was Edmund de la Pole imprisoned?
Treaty of Windsor 1506
68
When was Edmund de la Pole executed?
Against the agreement with the HRE, 1513
69
When did Richard de la Pole die?
Battle of pavia 1525, fighting for the French
70
When did Henry ban the Magnates from having armies (banning retaining)?
1487 and 1504
71
"How did the new laws surrounding retaining control the Magnates' power?"
1504 - new licensing system where retaining was only allowed with a seal from the Privy Council
72
What did Henry actually believe about retaining?
Could be useful, for example his reliance on the Earl of Northumberland at the Battle of Stoke
73
How much was Lord Burgavenny fined for his excess of retainers?
£5/person overall the fine was £70,550
74
How much was the Earl of Oxford fined?
£15,000
75
Why is the fine of the Earl of Oxford significant?
"He was one of Henry's closest advisors"
76
How did Henry accrue Land naturally?
25% of Nobles died without an heir, this became Crown property
77
How many Nobles did Henry create?
1 Earl, 5 Barons
78
By how much did peers drop?
57 to 44
79
What would Henry give out instead of Land or Titles?
"Order's of the Garter"
80
Why are the Order of the Garter favoured by him?
Attached no money or land and was highly prestigious, literally rewarding the nobles in status without the cost of elevating their rank.
81
How many Orders of the Garter did Henry give out?
37
82
What are bonds and recognisances?
A noble or any person would make a promise to the King, in return he would suspend a sentence/fine or he would create a sum of money to be paid if the promise was broken. This raised money and kept loyalty but was widely disliked.
83
"How many Nobles by the end of Henry's reign were stuck in a bond?"
36/62
84
How long did Henry hold the lands of the Earl of Northumberland?
10 years
85
When did the young Earl of Northumberland get his lands back from Henry when he came of age?
20
86
"What class made up the Justice's of the Peace?"
Gentry, who had small regional power but lacked widespread money or favour to rebell
87
"How often were JP's chosen?"
Every year
88
"What was associated with JP's?"
High status, maintaining you were a JP was integral as losing your position was a humiliation.
89
"How many JP's were there by county on average?"
18
90
"What court did the JP's oversee?"
Quarter Sessions and County Assizes
91
When were JPs given the power to grant bail?
1487
92
"When were JP's given abilities to remove jurors?"
1487
93
"When could JP's assign punishments (except death) without a jury?"
1495
94
Who could challenge a verdict of a JP?
Anyone
95
"Where did appeals go from JP's?"
"Court of the King's Bench"
96
How did people know about this appeals?
"JP's had to announce it every trial before the court."
97
What did Church Courts oversee?
Church matters such as the conviction of the clergy, marriage and moral offences.
98
What did the Manor Courts deal with?
Landholding and disputes over land use
99
What did the Borough Courts deal with?
Trading standards and commerce
100
What did Assize courts deal with?
"Major cases too tough for JP's"
101
What did Quarter Sessions deal with?
"JP's oversaw them and it was common criminal cases and administrative affairs usually"
102
What were Special Commissions meant to deal with?
ad hoc basis usually set up after a rebellion to administer justice quickly
103
What was the Common Pleas court for?
Major civil cases
104
What was the Court of the Exchequer for?
Royal revenues
105
What was the Court of Chancery and Equity for?
"Making law fair and just in practice, proper 'justice' rather than just following the letter"
106
What was Parliamentary Taxation?
Extraordinary tax usually given symbolically as a thanks for calling Parliament.
107
What was Tonnage and Poundage?
Tonnage was tax on every cask of wine and Poundage was a general ad valorem tax on imports and exports.
108
What was the Act of Resumption
Gives all lands back to the crown that were given away after 1455
109
What is Wardship?
Before a noble reached 18 the Crown would take care of their Estate and usually keep its revenue
110
What is Livery?
A noble pays a fee to Henry after coming of age and leaving Wardship
111
What is an Act of Attainder?
Stipulated that the person lost all titles, wealth and land to the crown
112
What is an Act of Attainder?
Stipulated that the person lost all titles, wealth and land to the crown
113
What is a Bishopric?
An area of land governed by a bishop, Henry would often delay said appointment to keep the benefits from the Land
114
What is a dowry?
"Payment that a wife's family makes to the husbands family as a gift."
115
Extraordinary Income
A form of income granted by parliament usually to deal with War or Natural disasters, it was widely disliked
116
What are Fifteenths and tenths?
Extra import tax
117
How many times did Henry get Parliamentary Taxation?
7
118
How much was Parliamentary Taxation?
£30,000
119
"When and How much did Henry gain from Viscount Powicke's Recognisance"
1485 - £10,000
120
"When and How much did Henry gain from the Earl of Westmoreland's Recognisance?"
1485 - £10,000
121
When and How much did Henry gain from Tonnage and Poundage?
1485 - £34,000
122
When and How much did Henry earn from Royal Lands?
1485 - £12,000
123
How much did Henry earn from Wardships in 1487?
£350
124
When and How much did Henry make from the Gift from the Convocation of Canterbury?
1489 - £25,000
125
How much did Henry get from Loans in 1491?
£48,000
126
How much did Henry get annually from the Treaty of Etaples?
£5,000
127
How much did Henry get from bonds in 1493?
£3000
128
"How much did Henry get from Lord Stanley's Attainder in 1495?"
£10,000
129
When and How much did Henry earn from vacant bishoprics?
1500 - £6000
130
When and How much did Henry earn in Dowry from Spain?
1501 - £25,000
131
How much did Henry earn from Justice in 1504?
£50,000
132
How much did Henry earn from bonds in 1505?
£35,000
133
How much did Henry get from Justice in 1506?
£50,000
134
How much did Henry earn from Wardships in 1507?
£6,000
135
How much did Henry earn from Tonnage and Poundage in 1509?
£38,000
136
How much did Henry earn from Royal Lands in 1509?
£42,000
137
How much did Henry earn from Extraordinary Income across his reign?
£400,000
138
How much was a bond for gentry?
400
139
How much did Henry earn in total from Fifteenths and tenths?
£203,000
140
"Why were many annoyed with the Council Learned's rulings?"
It was above the law and its rulings were unappealable
141
"How many Privy council members are recorded through Henry's reign?"
227
142
What are the three key types of councillors?
Nobility, Churchmen, Laymen
143
How much of the privy council were churchmen?
50%
144
What was the order of the Court under Henry?
Privy Chamber Privy Council - Council Learned Chamber Guard Chamber Below Stairs
145
Who organised access to the king?
The Lord Chamberlain
146
When were the Yeomen guards created?
1485
147
"How many Parliamentary acts were about broadening powers of JP's?"
10%
148
"What were the 5 key aims of Henry VII's foreign policy?"
National Security, Securing the Dynasty, Avoiding War, Improving Trade, Gaining Allies
149
When did the French invade Brittany?
May 1487
150
What was the outcome of the 1487 French Invasion of Brittany?
15,000 troops beating Duke of Brittany and Orleans
151
When was the Treaty of Redon?
February 1489
152
What did the Treaty of Redon promise?
6000 troops to aid Breton
153
When does Henry write to the Pope about the Treaty of Redon?
January 1489
154
What does Henry tell the Pope about the Treaty of Redon?
It was to defend not invade the land.
155
When was the Treaty of Medina Del Campo?
27th March 1489
156
What did the Treaty of Medina Del Campo promise?
"Organised marriage between Catherine and Arthur Mutual reduction in tariffs Encouraged anti-French alliance that didn't come to fruition"
157
When does the Duchess of Brittany marry the King of France?
18 October 1492
158
When does England invade France for the first time?
18 October 1492
159
What was the invasion force of 1492 made-up of?
12,000 troops led by Henry into Northern France
160
What did the 1492 Invasion force accomplish?
Laid siege to Boulogne
161
When was the Treaty of Etaples?
3 November 1492
162
What did the Treaty of Etaples stipulate?
£5000 a year to Henry (5% of Crown income) 752,000 crown indemnity paid 50,000/annum
163
When did Henry VII embargo trade with Burgundy?
1494
164
What did the Trade Embargo mean?
Merchants had to divert to the pale of Calais, Spain or France
165
When was the Magnus Intercursus?
24 February 1496
166
What did the Magnus Intercursus stipulate?
Remove Embargo Margaret of Burgundy to accept the Tudors and apologise Reciprocal trade privileges English Merchants gain fair treatment in Burgundian Courts
167
When was the Earl of Kildare restored?
1496
168
Why was the Earl of Kildare restored?
Poynings was unable to control Ireland, and Earl of Kildare was cheaper since he had the title of an Irish Lord
169
What was the Truce of Ayaton?
Henry offered the hand of Margaret to james 7 year Truce - first since 1328
170
When was the marriage between Henry and Catherine of Aragon?
14 November 1501
171
When was the Treaty of Perpetual Peace?
24 January 1502
172
What was the Treaty of Perpetual Peace?
End of warfare, first attempt in 170 years Finalised agreement on marriage between James and Margaret Pope would excommunicate the side that broke the treaty
173
When did Margaret finally marry?
1503
174
When does Philip of Burgundy shipwreck?
1506
175
When is the Treaty of Windsor?
1506
176
What does the Treaty of Windsor state?
New Marriage between Henry and Margaret of Burgundy, HRE hands over Edmund de la Pole
177
When was the Malus Intercursus?
April 1506
178
What was the Malus Intercursus?
Greater trading rights and benefits for English Merchants
179
Name 2 features at the time of the Pope.
Granted Annulments and permission to Marry Supreme Head of the Catholic Church Appointed Bishops (Symbolically) and Cardinals
180
Name 2 features at the time of Cardinals.
Had own churches to govern Diplomats and Representative of the Pope Held positions in Government
181
Name 2 features at the time of Archbishops.
Organised Cathedrals Administered to their diocese Held Large Lands, Wealth and Influence
182
How many Archbishoprics were there?
2 - York and Canterbury
183
How many diocese were administered by each Archdiocese
17
184
Name 2 features at the time of Bishops.
"Administered to their diocese Legal training and positions, advisors like Richard Fox Bishops and Abbots held seats in the House of Lords as ""Lords Spiritual"""
185
Name 2 features at the time of Priests.
Performed sermons and rituals such as Mass Friars existed which preached and were doctors - survived on donations Administered most of the Poor Aid Often in charge of small regional churches In times of need churches would turn into hospitals and places of refuge
186
Name 2 features at the time of Lower clergy.
Monks and Nuns served minor roles. Nuns typically had a tough life. Worked church land Paid to pray for the dead in Chantries
187
What were the types of Friar?
Dominicans, Franciscans and Augustinians
188
Name 2 features at the time of Magnates.
Governed large sets of Land Rich and powerful Noble families with strong ties to the Royal Family Lost powers to retain armies 1487 + 1504
189
Name 2 features at the time of the Gentry.
"Lower class under Magnates Meant to govern and keep the Peace, positions as JP's Reliant on the King for survival and power Motivated to be loyal in hope of promotion"
190
Name 2 features at the time of the Educated and Merchant classes.
"Free men - often trading in Wool Educated in Oxbridge or the Law School High status - could become gentry or JP's"
191
Name 2 features at the time of the Peasantry.
Insecure lifestyle - 90% farmers High inflation but increase in real wages More rights due to Plague Some Vagabonds as Urbanisation developed
192
When was the Act against Vagabonds and Beggars?
1495
193
What did the Vagabonds and Beggars Act stipulate?
Idle and suspected persons shall be set in the stocks for three days and three nights and have no sustenance but bread and water and then shall be put out of Town
194
When did the Black Death reach England?
August 1348
195
How much of the population died due to the Black Death?
In 2 years 20-40% of the population died
196
When did the population somewhat recover from the Black Death?
1450s
197
How many knights were there in 1490?
Around 500
198
Where was mixed farming most popular?
Densely populated counties such as Norfolk, Suffolk and Kent.
199
What regions had powerful Saint Cults?
Canterbury and Durham
200
When was tin mining suspended in Cornwall?
1496 after they refused to get rid of Stannaries
201
What were Stannaries?
Stannary law had their own parliaments giving privileges and independence to Cornish Tin miners
202
"To what extent was Cornwall ""English""?"
It had its own culture, language and folklore, most people would not have spoken English even
203
What could the naming of Prince Arthur also signify?
The Tale of King Arthur was acclaimed in Cornwall, this drew a link to the Cornish, furthermore he was named Duke of Cornwall as a courtesy.
204
How many people did London have?
50,000
205
How many towns had a population higher than 3000?
20
206
How stable were prices?
They were steady usually with a small rise in 1480s
207
How were the poor compared with other Tudor rulers?
Best off under Henry VII
208
How many lived in cities?
10%
209
What was the Price of Consumables 1480-89?
116
210
What was the power of a wage rate builder 1480-89?
93
211
What was the purchasing power of a labourer 1480-89?
86
212
What was the Price of Consumables 1490-99?
101
213
What was the Purchasing Power of a Wage Rate Builder 1490-99?
103
214
What % of English trade was cloth?
90%
215
By how much did cloth exports increase under Henry VII?
60%
216
When were the Navigation Acts?
1485 and 1489
217
What did the 1485 Navigation Act stipulate?
For export ships staffed with 50% English Workers prioritiesd.
218
What did the 1489 Navigation Act stipulate?
For export, ships must be staffed with 100% English Workers before any other ship to be charted.
219
Where did John Cabot land?
Cape Bonavista in Newfoundland
220
When was John Cabots last expedition?
May 1498
221
When was John Cabot granted a letter patent?
5th March 1496
222
What did John Cabot accomplish?
Set up fisheries for Bristol merchants
223
When did Sebastian Cabot lead a failed expedition to Asia?
1508
224
Where was Lead mined in England?
The Pennines
225
"When did the king sponsor the building of England's first blast furnace?"
1496
226
How many people survived off of Agriculture?
2.2 million
227
What is Open-field husbandry?
Common rights for strips of land
228
What was Glebe Land?
Church Land that peasants would have to work
229
When was there a bad harvest?
1500-03 due to drought
230
How much of the lands in the Midlands enclosed under Henry VII?
3%
231
"When were ""tillage acts"" against enclosure passed?"
1488-9
232
What were tillage acts against?
Enclosure of land that would cause de-population.
233
Were these tillage acts enforced?
No, as most people required to do so also profited from enclosure.
234
Where did tillage acts affect?
One affected the whole country the other affected the Isle of Wight
235
What are examples of prosperous cloth towns?
Lavenham in Suffolk and Lewes in Sussex
236
What regions suffered as the cloth trade moved to dedicated towns for it?
Winchester and Lincoln
237
"Where was raw wool typically shipped from at the start of Henry VII's reign?"
Boston, Lynn and Yarmouth
238
Where was raw wool exported through?
Merchants of the Staple through the Pale of Calais
239
Where was finished cloth exported to?
London and then by the Merchant Adventurers to Antwerp in the Hanseatic League
240
When were the trading privileges of the Hanseatic League reinforced by Henry VII?
1504
241
Why were the privileges of the League valued over the Merchant Adventurers?
To prevent enemy Yorkist claimants
242
When was basic pumping technology introduced to England and where?
Finchdale in Durham in 1486
243
Where was coal shipped from in England?
Newcastle
244
How many new Grammar schools were built between 1460-1509?
53
245
When did Magdalen College, Oxford begin teaching a more humanist approach?
1480s
246
What Colleges were founded by lady Margaret Beaufort?
Christ and St Johns College
247
Who was heavily supported by Lady beaufort and Henry VII?
Robert Fayrfax, a musician
248
When were early plays emerging?
Church festival performances
249
What did early plays feature?
A moral and Christian message to the audience
250
When was the first printing press brought to England?
1476
251
What was the primary role of the church?
Administer the 7 Sacraments
252
How many parish churches were there?
8000
253
How many monasteries were there?
900
254
What percent of the population were in monasteries?
1%
255
What % was a tithe?
10%
256
What were tithes paid in usually?
Rarely money, mostly seeds and produce
257
What were the 7 Sacrements?
Baptism, Confirmation, Marriage, Anointing of the Sick, Penance, Holy Orders, Eucharist
258
What was the first complaint of the Lollards?
The Church is too involved in the temporal
259
What was the second complaint of the Lollards?
Ceremonies for new bishops or priests are without scriptural basis,
260
What was the third complaint of the Lollards?
Clerical Celibacy has encouraged Sodomy
261
What was the fourth complaint of the Lollards?
Transubstantiation leads to idolatry of communion wafers.
262
Who founded Humanism?
Erasmus
263
What were Guilds and Confraternities?
Organisations which came together to fund burials and chantries
